Psychological counseling technology is a special communication method adopted by counselors to achieve predetermined goals. This communication is carried out through verbal and non-verbal forms. It is not just a process of exchanging information. , and more importantly, it contains elements that enable visitors to understand to a certain extent.
These techniques mainly include emotions, listening, questioning, expression, etc.
1. Empathy is also called empathy, sympathy, and empathy... It is the ability to put yourself in someone else's shoes and understand their emotions, needs, and intentions.
In short, it is the ability to think from someone else’s perspective. Love is both an attitude and an ability. As an attitude, it manifests as care, acceptance, understanding, cherishment and respect for others. As an ability, it manifests itself in the ability to fully understand others and express this understanding in a caring, warm, appropriate and respectful manner.
According to what we ordinary people say, it is "thinking from someone else's perspective" and "comparing one's feelings to others".
The quality of the counseling relationship is crucial to the effectiveness of the counseling. In the process of establishing the counseling relationship, the most important thing is to make the client feel understood and accepted. ***Emotion is the realization The premise of all this. Therefore, love is the basis of all psychological counseling, and its role is of vital importance.
Emotion can be integrated into various techniques, such as emotional listening, emotional expression, etc.
A good interview includes three aspects:
The first is the content, that is, the facts, opinions, and situations stated by the visitor. Waiting for an accurate understanding;
The second is the client’s feelings, which mainly refers to the counselor’s accurate understanding of the client’s emotional experience on the matter through his/her speech and behavior;
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Third, the counselor has a more comprehensive and accurate grasp of the emotional level of the client.
2. Listening For the psychological counseling process, the most important skill is listening.
Listening first expresses the psychological counselor’s active concern for the client, which helps the client develop a sense of trust;
At the same time, the client’s talking itself has a cathartic or therapeutic effect; The most important thing is that the counselor can grasp the key points from the many information revealed by the client, discover the root of the problem, and truly understand the facts told by the client, the emotions contained in them, and the cognitive concepts held.
The content of listening generally includes four aspects:
The first is the visitor’s experience
The second is the visitor’s emotions
The third is the client’s concept
The fourth is the client’s behavior
Listening during psychological counseling usually takes the following two forms:
(1) Analytical listening:
In psychological counseling, we must listen carefully to the client’s expressions, and we must understand what the client says through words, expressions, and actions. What is expressed, but also the content and meaning that the visitor omits and does not express during the conversation, is complete and effective listening.
(2) Reactive listening:
When listening, counselors should use "oh", "um", "yes", Respond to the visitor's words with words such as "What next?" and behaviors such as nodding, staring, and smiling.
3. Asking questions When the visitor is fully confiding, it is also very important to ask questions.
Questions are usually divided into two types:
One is open question
The other is closed question
Open question
Usually questions are asked in the form of "what", "how", "why", "can you", "would you like to tell me", etc. This kind of questioning method usually prevents visitors from using only A one or two-word answer can lead to an explanation, explanation or supplementary material, which can be used to collect information. At the same time, it can also grasp the visitor's emotional reaction, views on the event and reasoning process.
Closed questions
They often appear when the content of the interview is relatively in-depth and it is necessary to further clarify the facts, narrow the scope or focus on certain specific issues. Closed questions usually ask questions such as "whether" or "whether". This questioning method limits the scope of the visitor's answer and can prevent the visitor from rambling. Be careful not to ask questions continuously or ask several questions at once. This will cause the visitor to become confused and neglect to answer some important questions.
4. Expression There are two requirements for "expression" in consultation activities. One is the expression of the visitor, and the other is the expression of the consultant.
As the leader of counseling activities, counselors guide clients to express meaningful content and information during counseling activities, which is an important part of the success of psychological counseling.
At the same time, good expression skills are also one of the important skills for psychological counselors to guide and help clients.
(1) Encouragement:
Use some words, such as "um", "ok", "continue", "there is more", "what about next", "I "Can understand"
Or some body movements, such as nodding, smiling, leaning forward slightly... to express your concern, support and acceptance to the visitor.
(2) Definition:
Refers to synthesizing and sorting out the main content and thoughts told by the visitor, and then feeding them back to the visitor.
One of its functions is to check whether the doctor accurately understands what the visitor said.
The second is to send a message to the client: the counselor is listening to you attentively, thereby improving the client's confidence.
The third is to help the client have the opportunity to re-examine his or her psychological distress and reorganize it.
(3) Clarification:
It is to ask the visitor to further explain, explain or supplement the vague or unclear meaning of the statement.
Commonly used sentences: "Can you talk about it in detail..." "Can you talk about it in more detail (for example)...". Reification techniques can be used when clarifying.
Generally speaking, most clients are willing to talk about specific things, experiences or emotional experiences. However, when certain emotional experiences have a great impact on the client and have a great destructive effect, it may result in When you have been deeply hurt (such as the painful experience of abuse or rape, etc.), it is not appropriate to discuss specific events and experiences with the client immediately.
(4) Explanation:
Refers to the counselor’s analysis of the problems, troubles, and doubts raised by the client based on a certain theory, certain aspects of scientific knowledge, or personal experience. , explain and explain, so as to eliminate the visitors' various concerns and get out of the psychological dilemma.
Explanations are based on the counselor's own frame of reference.
Explanations are only effective if they are understood by the visitor.
Therefore, different levels of explanation must be made based on the client's level of understanding.
Speak in simple and easy-to-understand terms, using as little medical or psychological terminology as possible.
(5) Self-disclosure:
Also called "self-opening" or "self-revelation".
Self-revelation is an important and interesting phenomenon in interpersonal communication.
If the psychologist can self-disclose, he can often effectively induce the same level of self-disclosure in the client.
There are two forms of self-disclosure. One is that the counselor tells the client his or her views and feelings about the client.
The second is for the counselor to expose personal experiences and lessons related to what the client is talking about.