Developing rural communities is an important carrier and effective way to build a new countryside. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee pointed out that building a new socialist countryside is a major historical task in my country's modernization process. "Developed production, affluent life, civilized rural customs, clean and tidy villages, and democratic management" are the basic connotations of new rural construction.
1. my country’s existing rural community construction models
Rural community construction models can be summarized differently from different perspectives. In fact, these models may overlap with each other.
1. From the perspective of the establishment and boundaries of rural communities, it mainly includes the following models:
(1)?One village, one community?. This is based on the current village committee, where only one community is established in a village. This model is more in line with the current administrative system in rural areas, has a strong sense of identity among villagers, is conducive to the implementation of villagers' self-governance, and does not increase management and management costs. The disadvantage is that the village committee and the community are combined into one, and the strength of the community is relatively weak. This model was first explored by Yibin City, Sichuan Province. At present, 226 counties and cities have implemented the construction of "one village, one community", accounting for 76.09 of the total number of experimental counties and cities. It is the most common model.
(2)?Many villages and one community?. This is a rural community-village committee-farmer household model in which a central village or a larger village is chosen as the unit to set up a community among two or more adjacent villages. The advantage of this model is that community services are less administrative and more professional, which can reduce resource waste to a certain extent. However, this will inevitably increase management costs and is not well integrated with villagers’ autonomy. This model has been implemented in 45 counties and cities, accounting for 15.15% of the total number of experimental units, such as Zhucheng City in Shandong Province.
(3)?One village, many communities?. This is the establishment of two or more communities in one village. In some places, because the jurisdiction of the organized villages is too large, multiple communities are set up in an administrative village, forming a model of village committee?rural community?farmer household. This model can promote the development and growth of community service organizations and fully reflect the self-service and management of villagers. However, the communities in this model are essentially just residential areas or service stations (points) under the village committees of rural communities, so they cannot play the functions of community development, construction, and management. This model has been implemented in 21 experimental counties and cities, accounting for 7.07 of the total number of experimental units. For example, Yuan'an County, Hubei Province implemented the "dissolution and establishment of a cooperative" in Shuanglu Village, Yangping Town.
(4) Concentrated community building. This is a "community" established in a newly planned community where farmers live together. It is mainly divided into two types: First, farmers (herdsmen) live together in communities. For example, Tianjin, Chengdu and other places support and encourage farmers to "move to villages to make way for land" and "live together"; the other is to set up communities in areas where the population is naturally concentrated, represented by Aksai County in Gansu. The county integrated 10 villages in 3 towns into a new national village pastoralist rural central community, and established a pastoralist rural community service center with 3 pastoralist rural community service stations, thus forming a "natural village", "community", "one center" and "three" rural communities in the county. The community model of the website.
2. Based on the distance from cities and towns, rural community construction models are divided into the following three types:
(1) The rural community construction model under the expansion of urbanization is also called by some scholars Suburban rural community construction model.
It will directly change the suburban township government into a street office or the "urban village" village committee directly into the neighborhood committee community model. This model makes full use of the opportunities of urban-rural integration to carry out community construction and management in rural areas located on the outskirts of large and medium-sized cities. For example, Shenzhen has completely abolished the establishment of street offices by town governments and abolished the establishment of neighborhood committees by village committees. This model makes full use of urban and rural community construction resources and saves construction costs.
(2) In-situ urbanization rural community construction model, also known as market town rural community construction model. It relies on market towns and carries out community construction with central towns and central villages as the center. It mainly includes: first, the township large community model centered on the small market town where the township government is located; second, the central village community model centered on the location of the merged village headquarters or a natural village with better conditions, such as the Ganzhou model. This pattern is consistent with the urbanization path of rural areas.
(3) The rural community construction model under the villager autonomy system is also called the village-type rural community construction model. It refers to community construction with administrative villages or natural villages as the basic unit. For example, each administrative village in Yangqiao Town, Zigui County, Hubei Province has established a new type of rural community self-governance organization - village committee, community council, mutual aid group, and basic farmer household - and implemented the village group community self-governance model. This is essentially an internal adjustment to "villager autonomy", but it does not clearly define the responsibilities of village committees and community councils.
3. From the perspective of rural community system reform, the following models have been formed:
(1) Village self-organization model. This means that village community members spontaneously organize and manage village community affairs through face-to-face consultation without external mandatory instructions. This model uses natural villages as boundaries, with clear boundaries and beneficiary subjects; it uses village civil organizations as the main governance subjects, and uses autonomy and volunteering as the governance mechanisms. Under the leadership of the administrative village party organization and the guidance of the village committee, village community affairs are governed democratically through consultation , such as Jiangxi Province. This model improves the self-governance capacity of the community, but does not touch the long-standing administrative problem of village committees. Moreover, due to the overlapping responsibilities of village community self-organization and village-level administration, the function of community self-organization is limited.
(2) Village and community integration model. This refers to a community model in which members of the village committee and community service organizations are intertwined and their functions are integrated. The organic village and the community space are integrated; the village committee has a community service organization under it, and the members of the village committee and the leaders of the community service organization cross-serve; the autonomous management of the village committee and the community service function are integrated; the community worker team is dedicated And combined, such as Yongchuan District, Chongqing City and other places. This saves management costs and improves work efficiency. However, the responsibilities of village committees and community service organizations are unclear and personnel overlap, resulting in strong community administration, weakening the function of community autonomy, and facing challenges to the professionalism and effectiveness of community services.
(3) Village enterprise-led model. This refers to a model in which members of village committees, village-run enterprises, and community service organizations hold cross-term positions and integrate functions. First of all, in terms of organizational structure, the leaders of village committees, village-run enterprises, and community service organizations implement "one team, three brands, and cross-appointment". Secondly, in terms of organizational functions, the autonomous management, administrative management, and service functions of the community are not separated from the business management of the enterprise. Third, village-level organizations are the leaders in community construction. This model reduces the government's financial burden to a certain extent; village-run enterprises drive local economic development and bring direct benefits to farmers. However, the institutional arrangement of integrating the village committee and the village collective economic organization has affected the healthy development of the village collective economy and restricted the development of villagers' autonomy. This is more common in areas with more developed collective economies such as Jiangsu Province.
(4) The model of joint village community building. This refers to a model in which community service organizations are set up within a certain service radius between administrative villages and township governments to specifically undertake community administrative affairs and public services. Communities are set up on the basis of multiple organized villages, and community service organizations and community party branches are established. The two organizations serve cross-functionally; the nature of the community
service organization is positioned as a platform to serve farmers, mainly undertaking community administrative affairs and Community public services. This was created in economically developed rural communities on the eastern coast and in some densely populated central and western plains, such as Zhoushan City. This model can integrate and utilize community resources to a greater extent, but it easily restricts villagers' autonomy.
4. According to the different power relationships between the government and the community, community construction models can be divided into the following three types:
(1) Administrative-led type. In this model, grassroots government organizations are the main body of rural community management. Through administrative means, they give full play to the advantages of social resources and social power of government organizations, implement control over community resources and community organizations, and reflect the efficiency of community construction in a short period of time. However, grassroots governments take over all matters of community construction, which limits the development of social organizations and the participation of farmers, and is not conducive to the improvement of community autonomy and the in-depth development of community construction. In underdeveloped areas, due to the limited level of economic development and weak farmers' awareness of participation, this model can be temporarily adopted in rural community construction.
(2) Cooperative.
This model is an indirect and loose intervention by the government in the community. Government department personnel and local and other community representatives form a community management agency. The community is mainly autonomous, and the relevant government departments are responsible for planning and guidance, and provide more With financial support, social organizations in the community perform some of the functions originally undertaken by the government. This is conducive to improving the self-governance capabilities of rural communities, especially the democratic election, self-management, and self-service capabilities of rural communities, and increases the sources of capital investment. This model can be adopted in areas where the economy has developed to a certain level and villagers' autonomy has been well implemented.
(3) Autonomous type. The main manifestation of this model is that rural community autonomous organizations have truly become the backbone of community construction and become autonomous organizations responsible for the management and decision-making of community public affairs. The government and rural community autonomous organizations*** both provide resources to rural communities. This model enables various resources in the community to continuously complement each other and improves the ability of rural communities to integrate resources. However, this has higher requirements on the political, economic and social environment of the community, which is the development trend of rural communities. In developed areas, where the economy is fully developed, the market mechanism is relatively developed, interests and power are diversified, and the awareness of participation is strong, this model can be adopted.
2. Taking Jilin Province as an example, 20 construction models for new rural construction:
1. Beautiful Countryside Model (Jiapi Village, Dongchang District, Tonghua City)
2. Community construction model (Chenjiadian Village, Nong'an County)
3. Old village reconstruction model. (Xiaoshanzi Village, Dunhua City)
4. Overall promotion model (Tonghua County Party Committee and County Government)
5. Landscape belt construction model (Panshi Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government)
6. Ethnic village building model (Guangdong Village, Helong City)
7. Folk culture model (Honglangtou Village, Dongfeng County)
8. Industrial Village Model (Fanshen Village, Taonan City)
9. Tourism-based village development model (Wangtian'e New Village, Changbai County)
10. Joint construction model (Shanghuolong Village, Ji'an City)
11. The village management model by capable people (Xinglin Village, Gongzhuling City)
12. Win-win cooperation model (Jijia Village, Dehui City)
13. Project driven model (Baonan Village, Yitong County)
14. New residential model (Guangfa Community, Fuyu City)
15. Environmental sanitation to the countryside model (Green Park Committee and District Government)
16. Town-township-led-village model (Xiaobaishan Township Party Committee and Government, Jilin City)
17. Village management model (Shuangyang District Committee and District Government)
18. Village regulations and civil agreement model (Yitong County Yingchengzi Town Party Committee and Government, Panshi City Yonghong Village, Gongzhuling City Qinglin Village, Yushu City Hongmiaozi Village)
19. Volunteer service model (Fuyu Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government)
20. Service outsourcing model (Jianhua Village, Fengman District, Jilin City)
Source: Jilin Daily