Bai nationality is an ancient nationality, which is related to the ancient Qiang nationality. As early as 1 century (Han dynasty), it was distributed in Erhai Lake area. In the 2nd century AD, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a county here. In the 3rd-4th century, due to the war, many Han people took refuge in the white area, and some of them merged with it. In 7 15, a large number of people of all ethnic groups who moved from eastern Yunnan to Erhai area merged with the Bai people. /kloc-Around the 0/4th century, many Han people stationed in the army lived here, and later they merged with the local Bai people. Later, some Yi and Achang ethnic groups were also integrated into the Bai ethnic group. Especially in Dali period, Bai people formed an ancient nation with common language and culture, close economic level and relatively fixed residence. After the Tang dynasty, Dali surrendered to the central government, and was more influenced by the Han people in the mainland in culture and economy, and agriculture, handicrafts and commerce were further developed. By the Yuan Dynasty, it was already a very prosperous city. Dali has beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. In this beautiful and rich land, the hardworking and brave Bai people are famous for their long history and developed culture. The rich and colorful customs have attracted many tourists. Dali Bai nationality has a long history and developed culture. 1253, the Yuan Dynasty established a province in Yunnan and set up Dali Road and Heqing Road in Dali area. In the Ming Dynasty, it was changed to Dali House and Heqing House, and the policy of changing soil into water was implemented. The Qing dynasty continued to follow the policies of the Ming dynasty, but appointed some local officials and chiefs in remote mountainous areas.
Culture and art
In the long historical development process, the Bai people have created splendid culture and contributed to the civilization of the motherland. Traces of ditches were found in the Neolithic site in Canger. However, at the Haimenkou site in Jianchuan, it is found that residents have been engaged in raising livestock and agriculture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, bronze culture appeared in Erhai area. During the Shu-Han period, Erhai area had developed into "paddy field animal husbandry". By the Tang Dynasty, Bai ancestors were able to build Cangshan "Gaohe" water conservancy project and irrigate tens of thousands of hectares. Building mountain terraces, Deng Chuan Luoshi River flood diversion project. Nanzhao has its own calendar. Zhou Silian, a Bai scholar in the Ming Dynasty, wrote Tai He Geng's Lost Catalogue and Li Xingwei's Strange Prescription Book, both of which are representative works summarizing ancient astronomy and medicine.
Bai nationality is unique in art, and its architecture, sculpture and painting art are famous all over the world. The three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple in Dali, built in the Tang Dynasty, are nearly 60 meters high, with a grade of 16. They are beautifully made, similar to the Little Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi 'an. Shi Baoshan Grottoes in Jianchuan have exquisite craftsmanship and lifelike figures. It has the commonness and strong national style of China grottoes statues, and occupies a high position in the history of China stone carving art. Jizushan temple complex, built in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, has overlapping arches and upturned corners. Carved layers of figures, flowers and birds on the doors and windows are unique and timeless. They are all made by the famous "Jianchuan Carpenter". Bai lacquerware has high artistic attainments. Most of the high-tech painters used in Yuan and Ming Dynasties were selected from Yunnan. The lacquerware of Dali spread to the Ming Dynasty and has always been regarded as a precious "Song strip". When Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, the Picture Scroll of Nanzhao History stolen by imperialism was made by Bai painters Zhang Shun and Wang Yu 1989. It vividly depicts the myths and legends established by Nanzhao in the form of continuous short paintings, and is one of the precious cultural relics in China. 1 172, Zhang's Dali scroll was called "the treasure of the south". This painting is 10 foot long, 134 inch long. With the theme of King Jing of Protecting the Country, 628 characters with different faces were portrayed. Exquisite brushwork and exquisite craftsmanship are the treasures of ancient art in China.
The "White Opera" developed from the "Blowing and Blowing" of the classical opera has distinctive national characteristics. Bai people have a high level of education and a large number of talents.
In ancient Bai people, there was a combination of music and dance. Genesis, a long poem circulated among the people, tells the story of Pangu's creation and traces the equal life of the Bai people in primitive society without class oppression and exploitation. It is "the world is peaceful", "regardless of the rich and the poor" and "the people value fat". Poems such as On the Road, Peony in Daci Temple and Cave of Heaven by Yang Qikun, a Bai poet in Nanzhao, are called "master" masterpieces and included in the whole Tang poetry. Literary works such as Wang Fuyun, Snake Bone Pagoda, Killing State Officials and Hooking the Moon Head praised the heroes of the ancient Bai people in class struggle and production struggle. Nanzhao's famous lion dance was introduced to the Central Plains in the Tang Dynasty, and Nanzhao's sacred music was listed as one of the 14 pieces of music in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Diao is a widely circulated metrical poem "3715" (the first three sentences and seven words, the last five words). In the middle of15th century, some scholars used this folk song form to write famous poems, such as "Ci Ji Hua Shan Bei" written by Yang Nai. "Blowing and blowing" in white drama is a comprehensive art developed on the basis of the early "Big Ben".
According to the historical picture of Zhongxing in Nanzhao, there are historical books such as Zhang Guo Shi, Weishan Career, Tiezhu Temple and Xi Erhai. During the Dali period, there were also white history and national history, both of which have been lost, and only fragments of white history are scattered in inscriptions in the Ming Dynasty. The Bai history books of Yuan Dynasty, Gu Baitong and Feng Xuan's Reading Yun Zhi, have been lost, but they are all blueprints of Yunnan local chronicles in Ming Dynasty, such as Yunnan Zai Ji and Nanzhao unofficial history. According to historical records, the history of Erhai area was studied by Yang Shiyun, a Bai scholar in Ming Dynasty. This book was collected by another Bai scholar, Li Yuanyang, in Jiajing's Annals of Dali, and it is the final edition of Wanli's Examination of Yunnan Tongzhi Evolution. Wang Song, a Bai historian in Qing Dynasty, collected 6/kloc-0 kinds of books about Yunnan when compiling Daoguang's Annals of Yunnan, and compiled them into 2l volumes, which are important reference materials for studying Yunnan's national history and local history.
Important festival
"March Street", also known as "Guanyin City", is a grand festival for the Bai people. The annual summer calendar is held from March 15 to 20 at the foot of Diancang Mountain in western Dali. At first, it was full of religious activities, and later it gradually turned into a grand material exchange meeting. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, businessmen from Sichuan, Tibet and Jiangnan provinces came here to do business. After the founding of New China, March Street has developed into an annual material exchange and national sports literature and art conference.
Torch Festival is held every year on June 25th in the summer calendar, which is a traditional festival of Bai people. On the festival day, men, women and children get together to worship their ancestors. Through activities such as torch worship, lighting, lighting torches and jumping torches, I wish crops a bumper harvest and six animals a prosperous life.
On the eve of the festival, the whole village erected a big fire about 10 to 20 meters high. Use pine trees as poles, tie the straw and pine branches together, and put a flag at the top. The flagpole is a bucket made of three paper sticks connected in series, with a bamboo pole, which means to ascend three levels in a row. There is a small paper flag around each bucket, with calligraphy and painting on it, such as peace and prosperity for the country and the people, good weather, rich life, abundant crops and prosperous six animals. There are torches, pears, begonia, fireworks, lights and colorful flags hanging under the bucket.
At noon on Torch Festival, people take small torches, paper money, incense sticks and offerings to the ancestral graves to pay homage. After the small torch is lit, sprinkle three pieces of rosin to smoke the tomb, and go home after the torch burns behind the pillar. If the cemetery is far from home, sacrifice at home.
Before the sun goes down, families finish their dinner in advance and help the old and the young to go out to watch the torch and horse racing. There are adults and children racing horses. Run three times around the torch, and you can fly into the distance. If you don't race horses, go door to door to appreciate the torches in front of each house and see whose torches are exquisite and beautiful. Before the fire in the whole village was lit, young daughters-in-law walked around the torch three times with umbrellas and their newborn babies on their backs to show that they were blessed by evil spirits.
As night fell, the old people in the village took the lead in offering sacrifices and kowtowed to the torches. Several brave and vigorous boys climbed the big fire one by one, and uploaded small torches to light the big fire one by one. When we stopped at the station, the fire was flying, drums were beating loudly, firecrackers were ringing, and the scene was spectacular. When the bamboo pole hanging the bucket on the torch was burnt out, people scrambled to grab the bucket flying in the air. The wedding snatcher is regarded as a blessed person, congratulated by everyone, and squeezed into the home. The host entertains everyone with cigarettes, wine and tea. Next year, the fire will lift the bucket to the floor, and the person who can grab the bucket will prepare it.
The climax of Torch Festival is playing with the torch. Young men and women each hold a torch. When I saw someone, I grabbed a handful of rosin powder from my bag and sprinkled it on the torch. Every time you sprinkle a handful, it gives off a dazzling fire, with a bang, and the flame burns to the other side, which is called "cheers". Bai people think that fire refers to bad luck that can be burned, so they compete with each other and are beaming. After the excitement, young people will rush to the field with small torches, sprinkle rosin powder on the torches and shine on the ears of grain, which means eliminating pests and diseases and ensuring a bumper harvest.
At the end of Torch Festival, there will be a torch relay. Around midnight, the burning match sticks were piled into piles of bonfires during the carnival. Young men and women walked back and forth from the bonfire two or three times one after another, praying for Vulcan to "exorcise evil spirits." See who jumps high and far until the fun is over.
Dali has beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. In this beautiful and rich land, the hardworking and brave Bai people have attracted many tourists with their long history, developed culture and colorful customs. Bai folk houses have a unique style. Residential buildings often adopt the format of three rooms and one wall or four entrances and five patios. They attach great importance to the decorative arts of gatehouse architecture and zhaobi, door and window carving and gable painting. The gatehouse is usually decorated with clay sculpture, wood carving, colored painting, stone carving, marble screen embossed tiles and blue bricks. Exquisite shape, overlapping arches, vigorous and steady, beautiful and generous, reflecting the architectural talent and artistic creativity of the Bai working people.
Bai people prefer white, the overall color of their houses is white, and the color of Bai traditional clothes is also white. Men usually wear a white double-breasted shirt and a black collar jacket. Women wear white coats with blue, red or black vests and embroidered aprons around their waists. Married women's headdresses are usually blue. The girl tied her braid with a red knot and then put a colored hand on her head. Lei Bai's tassel fluttered on the right side of her head, showing the charm of the girl.
Bai people in Dali love flowers very much, and almost every family grows medicinal materials. There are three families in the local area, an eye well and several pots of flowers. Most girls' names have flower characters, such as: golden flower, silver flower, Dehua flower, beautiful flower and spring flower.
Torch Festival: The Bai people hold it on June 25th. Those who can't travel in go to dali can go to Shalang Bai Township, Wuhua District, Kunming, which is the nearest to Kunming, and feast their eyes.
Etiquette taboo
1, etiquette and taboos in daily life
Bai people's hospitality, courtesy before guests is the etiquette of Bai people. The guests came home and entertained each other with wine and tea. The famous three tea is the hospitality of the Bai people. Bai people generally only pour half a cup of tea, but they need a full cup of wine. They think that wine is full of respect and tea is full of deception. Being warmly received by the Bai people, we should say "thank you" and express our gratitude and gratitude.
Respecting the elderly is a traditional virtue of the Bai people. When you see the old man, you should take the initiative to say hello, say hello, give up your seat, and offer tea and cigarettes. The first cup of morning tea after getting up should be given to the elderly first. When eating, let the old man sit on the table and let the old man move chopsticks first. Don't swear in front of the old people, and don't cross your legs. In some mountainous areas, Bai family members have relatively fixed seats. Generally, male elders sit on the upper left, female elders sit on the upper right, and guests and younger generations sit on the upper and lower sides. The fireplace of Bai people's family is a sacred place. It is forbidden to spit in the fireplace, and it is forbidden to cross the fireplace. The threshold of Bai people's families is also taboo to sit on people. Tools used by men should not be worn by women. People who wear mourning clothes are forbidden to enter the family, thinking that it will bring impurity to the family.
2. Etiquette and taboos in festivals and sacrificial activities
March Street is a grand festival for the Bai people, which lasts from March 15 to the 20th of the lunar calendar every year. In addition, the Bai people, like the Han people, celebrate the Spring Festival every year from the first day to the tenth day of the first lunar month, and the fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month is the ancestor worship festival. Bai people have many etiquette taboos in festivals. Killing is prohibited during the annual March rally of the Bai people in Yuanjiang County or during the Tian Zi Temple Fair. Bai people in Dali are not allowed to use knives, carry water, splash water or sweep the floor on the first day of the Lunar New Year. When the Bai people in Nujiang worship their ancestors before dinner on New Year's Eve, outsiders are forbidden to be present. On New Year's Eve, you should get back what you lent to others, otherwise it will be difficult to find money and poor food in the coming year. Therefore, things borrowed from other people's homes must be returned to others before the New Year's Eve. The seventh day of the lunar calendar is Women's Day. Women don't cook, carry water or do any other work, but entertain themselves. Men's Day is the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, and men rest. Bai people in Yunlong county are not allowed to wander around in July and a half.
3. Etiquette and taboos in weddings, funerals and childbirth
After pregnancy, Bai women wear a two-room apron with hinges and fold the first page in half at their waist to show happiness. Outsiders should know how to pay attention to key protection when meeting. If a pregnant woman is accidentally injured, it should ensure the safety of mother and child after delivery. In some places, pregnant Bai women cannot enter the bridal chamber of the bride and groom. After the baby falls to the ground, whoever steps into the door of the maternal home first is stepping on life. Bai people believe that whoever tramples on life will be like a child in the future. Bai people are most afraid of people stepping on their lives, so after the child is born, the family should immediately spread three arcs at the door with white lime and tie a green bamboo strip on the threshold. If a boy is born, a straw shoe will be added under the green scorpion, and some even nail a base on the gate to show taboo. If you accidentally break into the parturient's house, you must send the parturient a bowl of fresh thick rice soup, brown sugar, eggs, sweet white wine and a pot of trotters stewed leek roots. On the morning of the third day after delivery, the maternal family members should invite porridge guests or porridge guests. Guests who go to Bai people's homes to cook porridge and rice should pack eggs, brown sugar, children's clothes and children's hats in bamboo baskets to show their congratulations. In Dali and Jianchuan, after giving birth, the host will invite the first guest to eat poached egg jiaozi, and the guest can't refuse, otherwise the host will be angry.
Ethnic diet
The daily diet of Bai people in Dali varies with local products. People in Pingba area live on rice and wheat, while people in mountainous areas live on corn and adopted children. Common vegetables are cabbage, green vegetables, radish, eggplant, melons, beans, peppers and so on. Among the dietary customs of the Bai people, the following have national characteristics.
rawhide
Raw skin is a unique dish of Bai nationality. This is roasting a whole pig or sheep on a straw fire. When it is half-cooked, remove the hair and bake it until the flesh is golden yellow. When eating, cut the meat into shredded pork or sliced meat, and add ginger, onion, garlic, stewed plum, pepper, glutinous rice and other seasonings. It is delicious and fresh, and it is a national delicacy for entertaining guests.
Sea-boiled fish ("live boiled fish" or "hot and sour fish")
Fishermen near Erhai Lake generally don't need to fry fish, especially fat fish called "oily fish" locally. They scooped water from Erhai Lake. When the water in the pot is boiled, they put in fresh fish, and then put in thick Chili powder and pepper powder. It tastes delicious, spicy and delicious, commonly known as "sea boiled fish".
Xiaguan casserole fish
This is a local specialty of Shimonoseki. The fat carp in Erhai Lake is cleaned by laparotomy, smeared with a little salt, marinated for 10 minutes, put into a casserole together with various ingredients such as ham slices, tender chicken slices, fresh meat slices, pork liver slices, mushrooms, egg rolls, meatballs, sea cucumbers, tofu, magnolia slices, etc., then sprinkled with appropriate seasonings such as pepper, salt and monosodium glutamate, and cooked on a charcoal stove with slow fire. When eating, put the casserole on the mat. It is steaming and delicious.
Braised plums
Plums are produced in Dali, especially on the east bank of Erhai Lake. Plum trees are everywhere in the half-mountain and half-dam area that stretches for hundreds of miles. There are two kinds of plums: bitter plums and salt plums. Stewed plum with bitter plum is a favorite condiment of Bai people. Braised plum is to put bitter plum into a casserole, add salt and pepper, cover it tightly, put it in the middle of a fire pit, pile rice husk around it, light it, and stew it with low fire for one to two days. At this time, the black stewed plum tastes sour and fragrant, so people often eat it raw as seasoning or add brown sugar to make stewed plum soup. Stewed plums can be stored for a year or two without spoilage.
Carve plums
The carved plum produced in Eryuan County is made by soaking salt plum in lime water. After taking it out to dry, carve a continuous zigzag pattern on the plum with a knife, and carefully squeeze out the plum core to make it empty, which looks like a blooming chrysanthemum after flattening. At this time, soak it in wine and then soak it in brown sugar. After a few months, I opened the bottle and took it out. Carved plum is golden in color and fragrant, and it is the first-class fruit produced in Eryuan County.
Every Bai girl in Eryuan is good at carving plums, which has become a sign to measure whether a girl is smart or not. Because in the local wedding custom, before the girl gets married, she must send a plate of carved plum made by the girl herself to her husband's family as a gift. On the wedding night, the bride will arrange desserts and sweet seats for relatives and friends, which is called "putting fruit wine". The tenth case shows the honey money, dried fruit and carved plum that the bride used to entertain her guests, for your comments. As a result, the girls in Eryuan are carefully carved, and the carved plum they make is not only the first-class fruit, but also a handicraft.
Bait block
Bait block, also known as Baba, is a popular traditional snack in Yunnan. However, Dali bait blocks are unique: steamed rice balls are placed on marble mats and rubbed by labor. Wrapped in sugar, walnut salt, halogen rot, etc. Bake in a charcoal stove. This kind of freshly kneaded and burned bait is soft and delicious.
Milk fan
Deng Chuan Dam in Eryuan has fertile land and abundant aquatic plants. Farmers here have a tradition of raising cows. The local milk fans are famous specialties. When making a milk fan, first ferment fresh milk into yogurt water, then put it in a pot and heat it to 60℃-70℃, then pour in fresh milk, gently stir it with bamboo chopsticks, so that protein and fat in the milk gradually coagulate into floccules, then spread it into thin slices with bamboo chopsticks and air dry it on a bamboo rack.
The milk fan is white and yellow, pure and bright, as thin as paper, and rich in nutrients such as protein and fat. It can be eaten raw, fried, steamed or baked. But it is best to fry in sesame oil until it is light yellow, and take it out to cool. Crispy and fragrant, especially delicious. Confucius Ci is a delicacy for Bai banquet guests, a necessary product for sacrifice and a good gift for friends.
Baked tea
Baked tea is a traditional tea custom of Bai nationality. In the main room of Bai people's families, a wooden cast iron brazier is usually set up with an iron tripod on it. When the guests come, the host will let the guests sit down in the main room, light a fire in the brazier and put a casserole on it to prepare for baking tea. After the casserole is simmered, add the tea leaves and simmer quickly. When the tea leaves are roasted to yellow color and the tea fragrance is elegant, pour in a spoonful of boiling water. At this time, I heard a "servant girl" sound, and the tea foam that was rushed up also rose to the jar mouth, like a hydrangea, and an attractive tea fragrance suddenly floated in the hall. The sound of making tea is loud and crisp, so it is also called "Leicha".
When the tea foam falls into the casserole, it can be poured into boiling water to pour tea for the guests. The simmered tea is yellow in color and fragrant. Generally, the roasted tea should be brewed three times, and the tea is tasted while simmering: the first bite feels slightly bitter, the second bite feels sweet and mellow, and the last bite feels sweeter. The more delicious the product, the more fragrant it is and the aftertaste is endless. This is the so-called "first bitter, second sweet, third aftertaste." In some places, when drinking the second tea, walnut slices, brown sugar, honey and a small amount of pepper are added to the tea, which has a unique flavor.
The tea set for baking tea is also very chic. The earthenware pot for baking tea is rough, but the small cup is a small, exquisite, white and glittering porcelain cup. According to the custom of "wine is full of respect and tea is full of bullying", the host should pour less tea and only sip one or two cups of tea. When the host presents the first small cup of tea hands in the air to the guest, the guest should hand the tea to the oldest person in the host's family and the elders in the seat after receiving it, and after giving each other some humility, the guest can taste the tea. At this time, while sipping, the guests also enjoyed the sweetness of tea and the exquisiteness of the small cup. Therefore, the Bai people's custom of baking tea is an art of tea ceremony.
The tea used by Bai people to bake tea is mostly Xiaguan tea. Shimonoseki is a tea-making center, and the loose tea produced here is exported to Tibet, Sichuan and other places. Because of the long distance, I often suffer from wind and rain and suffer great losses. Later, the loose tea was pressed into a bowl-shaped tea block, which was resistant to storage and transportation without losing the taste of tea. When tea was transported to Huzhou, Sichuan, at the intersection of the Yangtze River and the Luohua River, tea merchants publicized: "Luohua River, Xiaguan tea, with high fragrance, good taste and good quality". Over time, Sichuanese call the tea produced in Xiaguan as Xiaguan tea. Therefore, this kind of Xiaguanlun tea is famous for its mellow taste, yellow soup color, rich aroma, thirst quenching and refreshing, digestion promoting, smoke eliminating and hangover relieving effects.
Zhuganqi
After the first frost, some farmers in Heqing began to kill pigs. At this time, as usual, they will pickle pig liver, which is a traditional food of Bai people.
The preparation method of pork liver gizzard is roughly as follows: clean fresh pork liver, pork belly, pork intestines and ribs, put them in a pot and cook them until they are half cooked, take them out and let them cool, then cut the pork liver, pork intestines and pork belly into pieces and chop the ribs into small pieces. Then adding salt at the ratio of 65,438+00%, mixing with Chili powder at the ratio of 65,438+02%, mixing with 65,438+050-200g of Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder, 50-65,438+000g of Folium Artemisiae Argyi powder and 65,438+0kg of Chinese liquor, and placing.
You can open cans to eat in three or four months. When unsealed, there will be a unique smell of pig liver. When eating, put the pork liver in a bowl and put it in a rice steamer. Steamed pork liver and spleen are bright and clean, with attractive fragrance, spicy, salty and delicious taste, which is an appetizer for Bai farmers to entertain relatives and friends. If you eat rice noodles and noodles, it will taste better when you cover vegetables.
Bai Nationality's Custom of Celebrating New Houses and Celebrating Songs In Bai Nationality areas, building a house is one of the three major events in life, so it is natural to hold a grand and lively ceremony and sing a congratulatory song according to the progress of the ceremony.
To build a new house, it is necessary to break the stone feet on an auspicious day. After the stone foot is built, it will be started on an auspicious day every few months (in some places, it is two to three years, and the Bai people call this period the broken wall period). Sing a congratulatory song during the construction. The congratulatory message consists of Song of Liang and Feng Longkou, which were sung by carpenters in different periods. Song on the Liang should have been sung by Liang Shangshi. Amid the cheerful suona, gongs and drums, and congratulations, the carpenter hung a red color on his body, took the red rooster handed by the master, and walked out of the room, singing, "red rooster is valiant, you can report the five shifts at home, and you can report the good news when the master builds the golden house. Sing loudly on auspicious days. He Xinsheng, a good friend in the neighborhood, celebrates everyone singing every day. " While singing, he climbed over the scaffolding with people's congratulations, boarded the "balcony" temporarily set up by two pillars, bowed to the east, west, north and south, and sang loudly: "A little dragon director is born, and a little dragon director is in heaven.