1. A kind of stone, fine and hard, shiny, slightly transparent, and can be carved into handicrafts: jade. Jade. Jade Seal (the jade seal of the monarch). Throw a few bricks to attract jade. Good words of gold and jade. If jade is not polished, it will become useless. 2． Beautiful, noble, words of respect: Yuquan, Yuye (good wine), Yuyan, Yuzi, Yuzhao (respectfully address someone else's photo), Yuyu (a, sky; b, magnificent palaces and palaces). Slim and elegant, with golden rules and jade, the outside is golden and jade, and the inside is ruined. 3． surname. 4． Radicals such as Qi and Ling all have the meaning of jade. Qi: precious jade, jade; Ling: exquisite.
Detailed meaning
Such as: Jade Soul (moonlight); Jade Chips (a metaphor for white snowflakes); Jade Er (clouds on both sides of the sun); Yuyu (white wings) 5. Precious [valuable; precious]. Such as: Jade Miao (precious seedlings); Jade Bian (precious classics)
Edit this section to classify
Jade can be divided into nephrite and jade. Nephrite jade is a traditional Chinese jade material. The name of jade comes from nephrite. Because it is produced best in Hotan area of ??Xinjiang, people often call nephrite "Hetian jade". The hardness of nephrite is generally 5.6-6.5 degrees, and it is opaque or translucent. It is divided into the following categories according to color: white jade, topaz, sapphire, jasper, black jade and sugar jade. Jadeite refers to jadeite produced in Myanmar. Whether it is nephrite or jadeite, their texture is very hard and their color is very bright, so it is known as the "King of Stones". Jade is already valuable, but after being processed and carved by skilled craftsmen, it becomes a priceless treasure. With the development of the times, jade ware gradually formed the culture of jade. Jade in a broad sense also includes colored stones, the so-called fake jade, including Han white jade, Beijing white jade, etc. In addition, jade in a broad sense also includes diamonds, agate, crystal, amber, turquoise, coral, pearls and other gemstones.
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The word "Jade" originated from the oldest writing in China, in the oracle bones and bells and tripods of the Shang Dynasty. There are nearly 500 characters for jade in Chinese characters, and there are countless words composed with jade. The Chinese characters for treasure are all related to jade. The word "bao" that has been passed down in later generations is "jade" and "home". The combined character of "jade" shows its irreplaceable value because "jade" is privately owned. The word "jade" is a beautiful and noble word in the minds of the ancients. In ancient poetry and prose, jade is often used to metaphor and describe all beautiful people or things. For example: words that use jade to describe people include jade appearance, jade face, jade girl, graceful standing, etc.; words that use jade to describe objects include jade meal, jade food, jade spring, etc.; idioms composed of jade include golden and jade good relationship, golden rule, round and round jade, throwing bricks to attract jade. etc., there are folk legends and stories about jade such as "Heshi's Wall", "Hongmen Banquet", "Playing Jade and Playing the Flute", "Women's Trouble Mending the Sky", etc. There are even more people who name their beloved children after jade. Such as Jia Baoyu, Lin Yujue
Daiyu, how many years have I never tired of reading the touching "Dream of Red Mansions". It was Cao Xueqin who pinned his ideals in life on this beautiful piece of jade. He has a deep love for jade. Love has taken deep roots in the hearts of Chinese people. Xu Shen of the Han Dynasty explained jade in "Shuowen Jiezi": "The beauty of jade and stone." This annotation scientifically elaborated on "jade" from two aspects: material (stone) and artistic (beauty). word concept. The culture of jade is China's culture of more than 7,000 years. It is a special culture of China. It permeates the entire historical period of China, thus forming the traditional Chinese concept of using jade, which is respecting jade, loving jade, Admiring jade, admiring jade, playing with jade. Therefore, gentlemen love jade and hope to find the natural aura in jade. Jade is the beauty of stone, its positive color and pure moisturizing quality are of the highest quality. The same goes for gemstones. Its value does not entirely depend on its composition. Most of the jadeite and white jade are worthless. Just like people, every nation has heroes. Good jade is the treasure of stone.
Edit this section of the history of the development of jade culture
Paleolithic Age
Chinese ancestors chose beautiful stones to grind jade, which was first seen in Chahai Xinglong, Inner Mongolia 2,000 years ago A pair of white jade pieces at the Wa Cultural site indicate the emergence and establishment of China's jade industry in the Late Paleolithic Age, about 10,000 years ago. In China, jade has a history of more than 5,000 years since the Paleolithic Age. It records human life and social changes, many years earlier than gold, silver, copper, and iron. From the Paleolithic Age to slave society and feudal society, wearing jade represents people's social status. From ground jade to exquisite jade carvings, jade has developed with the development of society, and the culture of jade has become richer - jade dragons and jade bis in the Neolithic Age, jade knives and Ges in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and swords in the Spring and Autumn Period. Decorations, belt hooks, auspicious animals of the Han Dynasty, flower and bird hairpins of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and large jade carvings of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, the carving art can be said to have reached the pinnacle of the history of Chinese jade carving.
It is worth mentioning that the jade pendants made by Lu Zigang, a craftsman in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, pioneered the jade pendants with rich pictures and texts, novel compositions and exquisite workmanship. They are still highly praised today and are commonly known as "Zigang Pei". It adds more brilliant colors to the culture of jade. Beautiful jade is highly loved by us Orientals. Orientals often use jade as a metaphor for people's virtues. Confucianism emphasizes that "a gentleman must wear jade", "jade will not be removed from the body without reason", etc. Data unearthed in China prove that jade articles existed in the early Neolithic Age. A small number of jade beads, jade tubes and jade jues were found in the Neolithic cultural sites in Hemudu, Zhejiang. But the origin of Chinese jade should be earlier than this. Jade was born out of the matrix of stone tools and far surpasses stone tools. At first, they were just small jade pieces drilled with a hole and used as pendants, or they were ground into jade weapons or tools like stone tools. It was not until the late Neolithic Age that jade articles were engraved or polished, and their shapes were relatively large and complex, so they could be considered handicrafts. In the Neolithic Age, which was mainly marked by ground stone tools, the technology for processing jade tools was the same. Stone-making technology has developed from beating to grinding over thousands of years, and jade-making technology has generally gone through the same process. The techniques and tools used by the two may be exactly the same, but jade has other needs besides practicality, so the technical requirements are more complicated than making stone tools. Jade wares not only require a higher smoothness than stone wares, but some of them are also engraved with various patterns and patterns. This is due to people's aesthetic needs and is a non-practical art decoration. This is rarely seen on stone tools.
Neolithic Age
The jade articles of the Neolithic Age include jade axes, jade shovels, jade knives, jade swords and other production tools and weapons of practical value, which are used as decorations. There are jade rings, jade balls, jade bracelets, jade huangs, jade jues, jade beads, jade tubes, etc. The jades of this period are simple and plain, with varying thickness and irregular shapes. In the late period, jade gradually separated from stone tools and embarked on a process of independent development in technology and art, laying a social and technical foundation for the development and improvement of jade craftsmanship in later generations.
With the use of bronze or the combination of gold and stone, production tools have been greatly improved, social productivity has been improved, and the proliferation and accumulation of material wealth have promoted the formation of classes and the emergence of states. The history of the Xia Dynasty, China's first slave state, has not yet been fully revealed and needs further research. Therefore, the status of its jade objects is still unknown and has to be left temporarily unknown. Slavery was extremely developed in the Shang Dynasty, and slaves were put into various social production and life fields. With the development of agriculture, there has been a finer division of labor within the handicraft industry. The jade-making process has been separated from the production of stone tools and has become an independent handicraft industry sector. At the same time, the slaves of the Shang Dynasty created a splendid bronze culture. The application of bronze tools in jade-making technology significantly improved the jade-cutting technology, and jade-making utensils gradually replaced stone tools with bronze. There are obvious changes between the jade wares of the Yin Shang Dynasty and the jade wares of the primitive society. The jade Ge, Yue, Shovel, Gui, Cong, Dao, Huang-shaped jade, etc. produced by the Erlitou Culture in the early Shang Dynasty are different in terms of shape, carving, drilling and polishing. All reached a very high level. By the time of the Yinxu jade wares, the number of jade carvings of figures, animals, gods and auspicious signs has increased greatly, the craftsmanship has been improved, many new breakthroughs have been made, and many exquisite works have been created. At this time, the jade articles have been turned into ornamental purposes, mostly as handicrafts. Among the 755 jades unearthed from Fuhao's tomb in Yinxu, more than half were decorative jades alone, more than the total number of ritual vessels, ceremonial guards, tools, and miscellaneous items. This shows that the social function of Shang jade has undergone great changes.
Yin Ruins
There are many types of jade articles in Yin Ruins. According to different shapes and uses, they can be roughly divided into seven categories: ritual vessels, ceremonial guards, tools, utensils, decorations, works of art and miscellaneous utensils. Those used as ritual vessels include big cong, group cong, Gui, bi, ring, huang, huang, jue, gui, plate, etc.; those used for ceremonial purposes include Ge, spear, Qi, Yue, knife, etc.; they belong to the shape of production tools. There are axes, chisels, adzes, saws, knives, spinning wheels, shovels, sickles, etc.; daily necessities include mortars, pestles, combs, ear spoons, daggers, scorpions, etc.; the largest number of ornaments, including wearing ornaments, hairpins, etc. Chains, pendants, beads, etc. There are few works of art. One jade dragon, two jade tigers and one strange bird from Fuhao's tomb are all excellent works of art. Miscellaneous utensils include jade chains, jade sticks, etc.
The jade wares of the Han Dynasty were a major breakthrough for the jade carving art of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, which was famous for its exquisiteness, and had a significant impact on jade wares of later generations.
The Western Han Dynasty
Inherited the shape characteristics of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, with not much change. Due to the convenient transportation in the Eastern Han Dynasty, nephrite from Xinjiang flowed into the Central Plains, and the jade carving industry further developed. In addition to jade bis, jade rings, chicken heart pendants, sword pendants, belt hooks and jade cicadas, there are a large number of "clear utensils" used for burials, various containers and ornaments, and a large number of "exorcisms" also appear. The shape of the utensil is "weary of victory", and the various utensil shapes and decorations often imitate mythological stories, which are full of mystery.
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Due to the influence of poor burials in troubled times, very few jade articles have been unearthed, so its development is not clear. Judging from the sporadic unearthed jade articles such as jade sticks, jade bis, and jade belt hooks, they have not changed much from the Han Dynasty and are almost difficult to identify. Some of the carvings are exquisite, while others are rough, and the quality of the jade is not as lustrous as that of the Han Dynasty.