China people have the custom of respecting ancestors and ancestors, and ancestors and elders cannot be called by their first names. This taboo exists in the ancestor worship customs of Han, Oroqen, Ewenki, Kazak, Buyi and Tibetan. The Oroqen people think that calling their ancestors by their first names is disrespectful to their ancestors, and they are afraid of offending them and bringing disaster to future generations. For elders, I dare not call them by their first names, or even tell others their names, otherwise I think there will be children without joints at home. If there is something with the same name as the elder, you should change the name of the object and change the statement. Otherwise, we will die young. No matter what Han people say or write, they dare not mention the names of their ancestors and elders. When Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, his father's surname was Tan, so he changed "Zhao Tan" to "Zhao Tong" and "Li Tan" to "Li Tong". In the Six Dynasties, in order to avoid the word "Tung", someone renamed the buttonwood tree "White Cycas". In the Qing Dynasty, Liu Wencuo never listened to Yue again because of his father's name. It can be seen that the family taboos in previous dynasties were strict. Until now, children are still forbidden to call their elders by their first names, let alone their birth names, and words with the same or homophonic names are also taboo. Especially taboo is that the names of the younger generation must not be the same as the names of the elders, or have homophones and homophones. Otherwise, it is considered as a "bullying" behavior that does not respect the elders. When the younger generation addresses their elders, they usually address them by seniority rather than by name, such as grandpa, grandma, grandpa, grandma, dad, mom and so on. This kind of address can express intergenerational relations and also contains the meaning of respect. This is true not only between elders in the family, but also between elders and apprentices. As the saying goes, "a son doesn't say his father's name, but a disciple doesn't say his teacher's taboo." ? Not only do younger generations avoid calling their elders by their first names, but even among peers, it is taboo to call them by their first names. In interpersonal communication, it is often out of respect for each other and it is not appropriate to call them by their first names. Generally, it is a brother, younger brother, sister, younger sister, gentleman, lady, comrade, teacher, etc. When you have to ask the other person's name, you should also politely say "I'm sorry", "What's your name" and so on. Oroqen couples cannot call each other by their first names. After getting married and having children, others no longer call their children by their first names, but call them "so-and-so's father" and "so-and-so's mother" according to their names. Han people have similar customs. Even change your name as soon as you get married. The wife calls her husband "outside", "manned" and "in charge"; Husband calls his wife "housekeeper", "cook" and "housekeeper". Otherwise, you should recognize "ah" and "um", and rarely call them by their first names. Foreigners call it "so-and-so man", "so-and-so woman", "so-and-so old man" and "so-and-so wife". Although it is troublesome to say this, and another person's name is pointed out, it can be said that there is no name because it is not his own name, so it is not taboo. ?
There are also many taboos in naming children. Avoid homophonic and homophonic names of ancestors and elders, and consider each other's fate. For example, when you hit gold, you should avoid using fire or the words next to it. In short, the eight characters of life should not be named after the words of mutual forgiveness. Children also have nicknames. According to Zhang's History of China Customs, the nickname "posthumous title" often changed his name and kept his nickname taboo. "This is still popular today. It is common to think that it is disrespectful to give people nicknames; Or will be heard by ghosts and gods; Make the soul be taken away by ghosts, so avoid it. However, there have always been many people who have achieved great fame with their nicknames, but they have never changed their lives. Adults also taboo others to give themselves nicknames and nicknames. As the saying goes, "people are afraid to walk on the ramp, and people are afraid of nicknames." "The Book of Rites says:" All names are not based on the sun, the moon and the country. "The son of a doctor scholar, except for a hidden illness, dare not share the same surname as the prince." Among them, naming the sun, the moon and the country is taboo and sacred, which may offend. Zheng Xuan said, "It's always easy to hide". Avoid using hidden diseases, but avoid naming them after physical disabilities, moles, scars, etc., otherwise it will be difficult to cure. Zheng Xuan said: "The disease is difficult to cure in clothes." I dare not share the same surname as the prince, because of the concept of son preference and respect for the prince. But if you were born before the prince, you may not be able to change. ?
In the old society, powerful bureaucrats and emperors also forced their names to form written laws. For example, Tian Deng, the state official, changed the word "beating" to "arson" because he avoided the word "beating". Therefore, the idiom "only state officials are allowed to set fires, and people are not allowed to light lamps" was left. Emperors of past dynasties used this to ban customs and show off their power. Qin Shihuang's surname is Zheng Ming. In order to avoid the word "Zheng", he changed "the first month" to "the end of the month" or changed the pronunciation of "Zheng" to a flat voice. There are many such taboos. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the taboo system has been extremely prosperous. There are as many as 160 words in Yuan Dian, and these words are too disreputable to be counted. The strictness of taboos in Ming and Qing dynasties can be described as the pinnacle. Taboo has become an important part of literary prison cases, and people are often beheaded for it. The methods of taboo include changing words, avoiding sounds, empty talk, lack of pens and so on. At first, taboos had some rules. For example, "Book of Rites Quli" says: "Rites are outspoken and disrespectful, and the second is unbiased. If you catch your parents, you will be afraid of them. If you don't catch your parents, call them parents. You are selfless and taboo. All public taboos of doctors. " In my poetry and writing, in my temple and in my wife's taboos, I am outspoken. Although I am outspoken among courtiers, my wife is afraid to go out. "Wait a minute. However, after the Han Dynasty, with the development of taboos, these "taboo laws" and "taboo laws" were gradually broken. Although these things belong to the system, they originate from folk customs and are directly related to folk language taboos, so I will briefly explain the problem. ?
Due to the strong local concept and national pride of the people, there are some derogatory and discriminatory terms in regional and national terms. For example, China has the sayings of "Namanzi" and "North Mu Zi". It is the disparaging and disparaging name of people from the north and the south to foreigners. It is said that she people are taboo to call them "She Hakka", not to mention "She Hakka" and "She Hakka". They thought it was a great insult to them. We can only call them "She" or "She". In the past, they called themselves "people with small surnames", called the Han people "people with big surnames", or called themselves "people on my side" and called the Han people "people on your side". This is a national habit and should be respected; Miao people taboo outsiders to call them "Miao Zi", but prefer others to call them "in-laws"; Yi people hate being called "Old Yi Cell" and "Man Zi" most, and think it is the biggest insult to them. In the old days (Kaifeng), the elders gave the younger generation ninety-nine yuan for the Manchu festival. It means "going too far" and is afraid of violating the majesty of one's surname. ?
The appellation taboos mentioned above are mostly related to folk customs and ceremonies, and to some vulgar ranking and ranking ceremony. Of course, if we trace back to its original taboo concept, it is mostly based on good or bad luck. An example of this is mentioned in the last article "Naming, Affiliation and Taboo". However, nowadays, many appellation taboos in this area have become accustomed to tradition. People just habitually avoid one appellation. According to another appellation, the sense of good or ill luck has been greatly transformed into a superficial sense of politeness, or people only remember what is feasible, but no longer pay attention to those prohibitions that are no longer feasible, and are even less willing to pursue the original meaning of those prohibitions that are not feasible. ?
2. Age, genus taboo?
People's names should be avoided, as should their age. The most common age taboos in Central Plains are 45, 73, 84, 100 and so on. According to "On Classics" contained in "Beiping Custom Language", "Yan people say forty-five, and when asked, they will say' forty-four years old last year' and forty-six years old next year'. I don't know what this means. "According to some investigation data of Henan and Hebei, it is said that the origin of forty-five years old is related to the release of grain by Bao Gong Chen Zhou. Legend has it that Bao Gong Chen Zhou was forty-five years old when he released grain. He was robbed halfway, disguised as a turtle (prostitute and turtle leg), and survived. There is another legend that Bao Gong designed to capture Wang Zhao. Because of Zhao Wang's lewdness, Bao Gong lied about his death, secretly asked his wife to flirt with Zhao Wang, who came to mourn and mourn, to defraud him of the sword on his head, and then executed Zhao Wang in one fell swoop. Although these legends are not necessarily accurate, it can be seen from the legends that the taboo of 45 years old is actually related to such ominous things as distress, suspended animation and being a turtle. Any of the above points is enough to form folk taboo customs. This custom is still popular in Henan, Hebei, Shandong and other places. It is said that seventy-three and eighty-four years old are related to Confucius and Mencius' longevity. Legend has it that Confucius died at the age of 73 and Mencius died at the age of 84. Therefore, people think that these two times are a great pass in life, even saints are hard to escape, let alone ordinary people, so they are taboo. As the saying goes, "seventy-three, eighty-four, immortality is also a thorn in the side", "seventy-three, eighty-four, the ghost king comes uninvited" and so on. This custom is popular in the Central Plains, and it is also common in other areas, and it has never faded. Age, avoid saying "hundred years old". A hundred years is often used to refer to the limit of life, such as "a hundred years of reconciliation" and "a hundred years later". All these imply the limit of life, so when asking others' age, it is forbidden to say centenary. If you are really 100 years old, you should only say that you are 99 years old. Otherwise, it will be unlucky. In some areas of Shandong, it is said that centenarians are donkeys, hedgehogs and other animals. There are some special sayings about the taboo of age everywhere. For example, in Shandong, men avoid saying that they are forty-one, and it is said that forty-one hurts their wives. I don't know what it is based on. However, in this year, you must jump over and say another year. Taiwan Province province taboo age every nine. I think nine, nineteen, twenty-nine ... ninety-nine, etc. It's all customs. I'm afraid there will be disasters and casualties. It may be related to the belief that nine is the biggest lucky number. If you pass this level, you will become fierce. ?
Because the zodiac can indicate a person's age, it also refers to the core monument of one's life, so there is a taboo between customs. In the old days, when artists entered the palace to sing opera, they should not only remember the "taboo words" in the palace that day, but also remember the taboo words of the emperor, the queen mother, the imperial concubine and others. Otherwise, you will be punished. Empress dowager cixi is a sheep, and she dare not mention the word sheep when singing opera. Even the script and lines have to be changed. For example, Whispering Sheep, Shepherd's Barn, Shepherd in Suwu, etc. You can't perform, and the words "sheep in the tiger's mouth don't return" in "Women's Solution" should also be changed to "fish is caught, but it doesn't return". According to the "Lei Chao" cloud: "Yancheng has a surname, and the owner of his family will kill mice for his son's life, but he will not keep a cat. If he sees a mouse, he won't be arrested. " For a long time, mice have been enjoying themselves, going in and out every day, not afraid of people. "It can be seen that this custom of relying on home is based on a wide range of folk beliefs. ?
3. swearing taboo?
People have the fear of "saying evil is evil, saying evil is evil", so it is forbidden to mention evil and other words, for fear that evil will really come. ?
Death is the most feared and taboo. So the word "death" can't be mentioned. "Book of Rites Quli" says: "When the emperor dies, he will collapse; When a vassal dies, he will die; When the doctor dies, the scholar dies; When Shu Ren died. " This is a different name for death from the two aspects of nobility and inferiority, and it is the embodiment of a certain hierarchical concept. But it also contains the taboo meaning of the word "death". Except for people at the bottom of society, everyone else avoids it by changing their names. Later generations, the ordinary class also tried their best to get rid of and avoid the ominous shadow of the word "death". The literati class also called death "death", "death", "past events", "world-weariness", "abandonment", "donation", "cheating" and "moving the spirit". Ordinary people also call death "pawn", "nothing", "afterlife", "death", "ascension", "old", "lost" and "gone". Nowadays, people who sacrifice for their country and nation on the battlefield are also called "sacrifice", "sacrifice" and "glory". Avoid the word "death" with these compliments. The Ewenki old man is dead, don't say "dead", say "becoming a Buddha". When the child is dead, don't say "dead", say "less alive". Hui people should avoid saying the word "death" and use "impermanence" and "death" instead. There are many words used to replace the word "death" in other ethnic groups and religions. If you count carefully, I'm afraid there are no fewer than 180 kinds. The reason for this language situation is probably related to people's ignorance of the word "death". In order to avoid the word "death" when people talk on weekdays, in Guangzhou, they even say "piss me off" as "stimulate me"; Say "Laugh me to death" as "Laugh gives birth to me". Even words with the same pronunciation as the word "death" should be avoided. In some places, people often consciously regard the stone named Shi as an "official" and the stone named Shi as a "victory (life)". Others even avoid the sounds of "four" and "ten" because they are homophonic with the word "death". Taiwan Province Provincial Hospital has no building No.4 and no ward No.4; Even the number of warships is taboo to use "4". According to the Hong Kong Ta Kung Pao, eight warships planned to be built in Taiwan Province Province in the early 1990s were numbered in sequence, but the word "4" was deliberately avoided. There are no "1 102" and "1 104". Because the first four numbers add up to "4", the latter obviously contains "4" and is not used. There is no No.4 bus, and the mantissa of locomotive license plate does not have "94", because "94" is the same as "run over" in Taiwanese. Don't get married in other April, and don't give gifts for entertainment.
Things usually related to death and funeral are also taboo to mention, so as not to cause bad associations. For example, people are forbidden to say "coffin", but should say "wealth (material)", "longevity material" and "longevity vessel" and so on. When the coffin enters the door, it is necessary to say auspicious words such as "the official (coffin) is here, the money (materials) is here, and the money (nails) is all together", breaking the ominous. ?
In order to prevent the occurrence of serious disasters, people dare not say words directly or indirectly related to serious disasters in their language. For example, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom used official support to mark the year, but changed the word "ugly" to "good" because it didn't say it. Don't say "harm", change "sea" to "open"; Change "Mao" to "Rong" instead of "Tong". In the area around Guangzhou, in the old days, because the dialect "empty" and "fierce" were homophonic, "empty house for rent" was changed to "house for rent". Sailors are forbidden to say "stay" and "turn over", so it is forbidden to call them "chopsticks", "sink", "stop" and "leak". Usually people avoid saying "eyebrows down", which means "bad luck". Avoid saying "pear" and "umbrella", but call it "round fruit" and "vertical hat", which means avoiding "scattering" Don't say "bitter gourd" and call it "cold melon" to avoid the word "bitter" of suffering. Don't say "take medicine", say "eat good tea", which means "get sick". When visiting patients, relatives and friends in Hong Kong, it is forbidden to send flowers such as gladiolus, jasmine and plum blossom. Because "gladiolus" is homophonic with "seeing difficulties" (meaning it is difficult to meet each other later); "Jasmine" is homophonic with "unprofitable" and "unprofitable"; "Plum" is homophonic with "mildew", so it is regarded as "unlucky" and "unlucky" flower. Especially not suitable for patients and business relatives and friends. All this is a taboo phenomenon, which is called "pleading" by the people. ?
Taboos used to offend people often exist at the critical moment of life etiquette or life experience. "Huainan Zishuo Mountain" says: "Sacrifice to the sun, dogs are born; On their wedding day, they will be weak; On the day of wine, it will be buried; On the day of crossing the river, it must be the wave of Yang Hou. " Gao said, "None of them are suitable." When Wang Yangling drowned, his spirit may be a huge wave, and it will do harm to others. Because of Prince Yangling's wave, the boatman kept his mouth shut. "There is also a taboo against violating place names, thinking that some place names have fierce meanings or can violate the core monuments of their own lives, so they are taboo to mention or live here in the past. The legend of Feng Chu's death in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is an example based on this taboo of folk beliefs. There is a legend of "Lost Village" in Linxian County, Henan Province. Because of its unlucky name, merchants and soldiers and horses refused to enter, and later it was changed to "Stone Array Village". There are also Yangjiaying and Langlei Village, which are adjacent to each other and haven't been in touch for a long time. Because "Yang" and "Yang" are homophonic, and "Lang" and "Wolf" are homophonic, Yangjiaying people are afraid that the connection with people in Langlei Village will be broken, hurting the core historical sites of their lives. Until now, marriage between these two villages is still taboo. There are many such examples, too numerous to mention, and they are also one aspect of language taboos. ?
Some characters are also good or bad among the people, so there are also taboos. Even and odd numbers are inductive for good or ill luck. Generally, happy events avoid single happiness and bad events avoid double happiness, which is a psychological reflection of people seeking good luck and avoiding evil. However, people often say, "It never rains but it pours." Maybe people often can't get what they want, so this proverb is summed up. The taboos of singular and even numbers vary from place to place in various occasions. Combined with various specific situations, there are still many numerical taboos, which we have already talked about in other chapters of this book, so I won't say much here. What needs to be added is the inconsistency of digital taboo. For example, people usually regard "three, six, nine" as a symbol of auspicious numbers. However, some people are very fierce about these three figures. For example, the word "three" is taboo in chaozhou people, Guangdong. Otherwise, the disaster is unpredictable. So the locals call three o'clock two sixty. People think that "six" is unlucky in the fields and cotton areas of Hubei Province, and the number of cooking (especially eating eggs) and giving gifts must not be "six". The locals read "six" as "Lu". So "six" means "rich and full", that is, "death", so it is taboo. And a lot of swearing words have evolved from this, such as "six o'clock" (that is, "half turn" of the clock, which means "bad fire" and immature. Similar to "250", "semi-crane" and so on. It is forbidden to write the word "nine" in some settlements of She nationality. Anyone who uses the word "nine" will change it to "Xu". It is said that it is related to the myth that the ancestors of She nationality are god dogs. "Dog" and "Nine" are similar in shape and should be avoided. Therefore, the concept of good or ill luck of language taboos varies from time to time, from place to place, from nation to industry, and cannot be generalized. ?
4. What are the taboos of money-breaking words?
In the old society, people in China greeted each other and loved to say "Congratulations on getting rich". Because the quality of wealth is directly related to people's vital interests, as the saying goes, "people die for wealth, birds die for food", so the people attach great importance to this matter, always thinking about making money everywhere and always guarding against breaking money everywhere. ?
During the Spring Festival, every household will offer sacrifices to the God of Wealth, and some folks will sell portraits of the God of Wealth in the hutongs. The portrait of the god of wealth is taboo to buy and sell, so we should say "send" and "please". A string of hutongs, with many portraits of the god of wealth hanging, shouted from door to door: "The god of wealth is coming." The average family rushed out and answered at the door, "OK, come, please take one from our house." If you don't want to buy, you can't say "don't", let alone drive away the god of wealth, just say "you already have it" Otherwise, the god of wealth will blame it. If the god of wealth really doesn't come, this family will go bankrupt. Hong Kong people never say "Happy New Year" during the Chinese New Year, nor do they have to write "I wish you happiness". Because "happiness" and "falling fast" (meaning failure and bankruptcy) are easily confused when listening and speaking, and they are taboo words. Therefore, when Hong Kong people meet in the New Year, they always say "Congratulations on getting rich", "Get rich in the New Year" and "All the best". ?
In Guangdong, gambling was very popular in the old days, so the word "lose" was particularly taboo among the people. On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, there is a kind of wooden fish book for sale, which vendors call "Moonlight Win", which is a taboo to the homonym of "book" and "lose". Because the pronunciation of "silk" and "lose" in Guangdong dialect is the same, "Luffa" was renamed as "raw melon". Because of "doing", I broke the taboo of "losing cleanly" Therefore, the word "dry" was changed to "moist", which means to polish it from time to time to make it look oily, so it is a symbol of making a fortune. So "pig liver" is called "pig run" and "chicken liver" is called "chicken run"; "Dried bean curd" is called "Dourun" ... In order to get rich, make more money, and spend less money on the account, the word "expenditure" is particularly taboo among old businesses in Guangzhou. For this reason, the pronunciation of "long branch" in long clothes (robes) is changed to "grow" in order to only "advance" and not "branch". In Hong Kong, middle-aged and elderly people are forbidden to call themselves "uncles" and "aunts". Because "uncle", "aunt" and "nothing" are homophonic, which means nothing. Therefore, in Hong Kong, whether businessmen, public officials or ordinary housewives, this kind of address is taboo, but called "uncle" and "aunt". In Sichuan, the word "tongue" was taboo in the old society because it was homophonic with "erosion" and "erosion". So "pig tongue" is called "pig lucky" and "cow tongue" is called "cow lucky". In Jiangsu and Zhejiang, on holidays, you should write down the words "making money into treasure" and "making money with harmony" and stick them on the door. Because the word "Bei" next to the word "Cai" is homophonic with the word "Bei", it is afraid of "bad luck" and "loss of money", so the word "Bei" next to the word "Cai" is deliberately written as "Jian". If you think so, you can always see that money is everywhere and you have good luck. There is a mountain called Queshan in Zhumadian, Henan Province. In the local dialect, "Queshan" means "pit", "cheat", "smash pot" and "bad". Therefore, businessmen dare not call it Queshan, but change it to "Shunshan" in order to be lucky and avoid breaking money.
In short, there are many language taboos about the decline of wealth, all of which are to avoid bad luck. It shows that people in society have a deep understanding of the difficulty of making a living. The turbulent social life forced them to pin their fate on the protection of gods, especially the god of wealth, who never dared to offend them. Because they don't want to be poor, and they don't want to cut off their financial path. Because of this, this language taboo has another feature, that is, it keeps away from unlucky words and turns evil into good, and strives to obtain the most auspicious ideal effect in real life through flexible adjustment of language. ?
5. blaspheme taboos?
The folk concept of honor and disgrace has also prompted some blasphemous words to become taboo. ?
People usually think that words related to sexual behavior and sexual organs are blasphemous, and so-called "educated" or "honest" people are ashamed to say it. When we have to talk about sex organs, we should use "that", "lower part" and "pudendum" instead. When it comes to sexual behavior, euphemistic words such as "doing things", "making love", "sharing a bed", "husband and wife life", "stealing chickens and touching dogs" and "making love" should be used instead. Even "shit", "pee", "go to the toilet" and "menstruation" which are easily associated with reproductive parts are taboo. Generally, it should be changed to "convenience", "title", "convenience", "toilet", "number one" and "public holiday". When swearing, people often use genitals or sexual behavior to humiliate each other, which shows that people believe that such words have the power of cursing and can hurt the soul or body of the enemy. On the other hand, we should avoid such words when there is no enemy present or we don't want to curse anyone. "Qing Ren Leipai" said: "The curse words of northerners have the word" egg ",which means asshole, noisy egg, inverted egg and yellow turtle egg. Because Yao Zhuan has the word" egg ",it should be avoided. Eggs are called chickens, preserved eggs are called Songhua, scrambled eggs are called spreading yellow vegetables, eggs are called slipping yellow vegetables, whole eggs are cooked until cooked, and egg flower soup is called osmanthus soup. Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans, egg flowers are as yellow as Osmanthus fragrans. The cake is called a trough cake, which means to enter the trough when making a cake. " But eggs cooked only with tea leaves are not taboo, so they are called tea eggs. The reason why the word "egg" is not mentioned here is because it is abusive. The reason why "egg" is used to curse people is because it refers to testicles and is a part of male genitalia, so it has the function of blaspheming and cursing people. Shandong area is called "second brother", not "big brother", which is said to be related to the legend of "Song Wu". The second child, Song Wu, is tall and strong. Because a tiger was killed on Jingyanggang, it was called a tiger hero by the people. My brother, boss Wu, is short and ugly. But these alone are not enough to form a taboo to avoid being called "big brother" Mainly Wu Dage's daughter-in-law and Ximen Qing hook up as traitors. People avoid calling them "Big Brother" because they are actually afraid of becoming a "wife fooling around with others" like Boss Wu. This kind of person is also called "tortoise" and "tortoise" among the people. Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, turtles, dragons, phoenixes and forests were also called "four spirits". Many people think this is auspicious and there are no taboos. There are also many people named after turtles, such as Li Guinian and Lu Guimeng. After the Yuan Dynasty, turtles were used to humiliate the husbands of prostitutes or wives who had an affair with another woman. It is said that because turtles can't have sex, people who have sex with snakes. This taboo is still popular now. If you call others "turtle son" or "turtle", they will fly into a rage. The folk taboo "vinegar", which is called "taboo", is also related to sexual behavior, because people who are jealous in love are often called "jealous" in customs. In fact, not only abnormal sexual behavior will form certain language taboos, but normal sexual relations will also form certain language taboos. For example, people should say "going out" or "becoming an adult" instead of "getting married", and should say "having" and "increasing happiness" instead of pregnancy and childbirth. They are euphemisms that try to avoid causing sexual association, and the basis of euphemism is still taboo. ?
In addition to the above-mentioned language taboos related to sexual organs and sexual behavior, there are some other blasphemous language taboos. Animals such as rabbits, dogs, donkeys and cows are often used to curse people, so it is taboo to talk about these animals in front of people at ordinary times, especially not to be compared with people. Otherwise, it will hurt others and cause fights and disputes. When talking to monks and Taoists, you can't even say the words "donkey" and "cow" because monks are forbidden to call "bald donkey" and Taoists are forbidden to be called "cow nose". People with physical defects dare not laugh at their own defects in person, which is also a blasphemy against people. For example, bald people should avoid talking baldly, lame people should avoid limping and so on. People usually like young people and hate old people. In Hunan area, people, regardless of age, are commensurate with "bud". Although the elderly in their seventies and eighties are no exception. If you call it "old man", you will be angry. Nowadays, young women like to be thin and avoid being fat. If they say they are thin, they like to boast that they are slim and beautiful. If she is fat, she will look unhappy and think she is satirizing her ugly figure and ugly appearance. There are many taboos like this, which vary from place to place and are too numerous to mention. Generally speaking, blasphemous words that are disrespectful and treat others lightly are generally taboo.