Link: /confucius/lunyujzh12.htm
Yan Yuan 12 Zhu Xi's "Analects of Confucius"
Fan twenty-four chapters.
Yan Yuan asked Ren. Confucius said: "To restrain oneself and return to propriety is benevolence. For one day to restrain oneself and return to propriety, the world will return to benevolence. Does benevolence depend on oneself, and not on others?" A benevolent person has a perfect heart. To overcome is to win. Ji refers to the selfish desires of the body. Complex, reverse. Ritual is the law of heaven. He is a benevolent person, so he has all the virtues in his heart. The perfect virtue of the heart is not the law of heaven, and it cannot but harm human desires. Therefore, those who are benevolent must overcome selfish desires and return to propriety, then everything will be done according to the laws of heaven, and the virtue of the original heart will be restored to me. Return, still with. It is also said that if one restrains oneself and restores propriety for one day, then everyone in the world will be benevolent. It is said that the effect will be very rapid and great. He also said that benevolence can only be predicted by oneself and not by others. He also saw that the opportunity lies with me and there is no difficulty. If you overcome it day by day and don't find it difficult, your selfish desires will be eliminated, the laws of heaven will prevail, and benevolence will not be used. Chengzi said: "What is not propriety is private intention. Since it is private intention, how can we obtain benevolence? We must restrain our selfishness and return it to propriety, and only then can we be benevolent." He also said: "If you restrain yourself and return to propriety, then everything will be benevolent. Therefore, It is said that the world must be benevolent." Xie said: "To control oneself, one must overcome the difficulties of one's nature." Yan Yuan said, "Please ask me." Confucius said, "Don't look at what is inappropriate, don't listen to what is inappropriate, and don't speak what is inappropriate. Don't move." Yan Yuan said, "Although I'm not very sensitive, please tell me something." It's a condition. When Yan Yuan heard the Master's words, he had already decided on the principles of nature and human desires, so he no longer had any questions and just asked for his instructions. Those who are not polite are selfish. No, words of prohibition. This is the reason why the human heart is the master, and it is the opportunity to overcome selfishness and restore etiquette. If selfishness prevails, then the appearance and behavior are all in line with the etiquette, but between daily use, it is not because of the popularity of heaven's principles. Things, like things, things. Yan Zi understood the truth of the matter and knew that he was capable of defeating him, so he believed that he was responsible for the task without any doubt. Cheng Zi said: "Yan Yuan asked about the purpose of restraining oneself and restoring propriety. Confucius said, 'Don't look at what is not propriety, don't listen to what is not propriety, don't speak what is not propriety, don't move what is not propriety.' The four are the functions of the body. From the middle to the outside, it is controlled. It is because of Yan Yuan's words that those who want to learn from the saints should keep them in mind and not lose sight of them, because they regard the admonition as saying: "The heart is empty, and there is no trace of things." It's important to do it as it is. Keep it in front, control it outside, and keep it inside. It will be sincere for a long time. It is based on nature. If you know how to induce things, then you will lose your integrity. If you know how to stop and be sincere, don't listen to what is wrong. "His words are what makes people angry." Wandering, Neisi Jingzhuan. He is the cardinal, good things come out of military affairs, good and bad things happen, and things are easy to be harmed, and things are troubled, things are disobedient, and things are illegal and unethical. Ci!' Qi Dong's proverb says: 'Philosophers know what is true and are sincere in their thinking; people with lofty ideals are committed to action, and they will be prosperous if they follow the rules; if they follow desires, they will be in danger; if they make mistakes and restrain their thoughts, they will be cautious and self-sustained, and the sage will be the same. Return. '" Fool's note: The questions and answers in this chapter are important words for teaching the mind. It cannot be detected without being extremely clear, and it cannot be determined without being extremely strong. Therefore, only Yanzi could hear it, but all scholars cannot help but encourage it. Cheng Zi's maxims are so familiar that scholars should play them deeply.
Zhong Gong asked Ren. Confucius said: "When you go out, you feel like you are seeing a distinguished guest, and when you treat your people, you feel like you are receiving a great sacrifice. Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you. There is no resentment in the country, and no resentment at home." Zhong Gong said: "Although Yong is not sensitive, he asks for things like this. "If you respect yourself, forgive others, and have no room for selfishness, your heart will be complete. There is no resentment inside or outside, and it is also a matter of self-examination. Cheng Zi said: "Confucius talked about benevolence. He only said that when you go out, you will feel like seeing a distinguished guest, and make the people feel like receiving a great sacrifice. Judging from its appearance, you must have a broad mind and a fat body, and move your face to be polite. But being cautious is the way to abide by it." Or Asked: "When you go out to envoy the people, this is what it is like; when you are not going out to envoy the people, what is it like?" He said: "This is like thinking about time, there are things in the middle and then you can see the outside. Look at the time when you go out to envoy the people, If you are respectful like this, you can see that the previous ones were respectful. It is not because they go out to serve the people, and then they have this kind of respect. "Fool's Note: Restraining oneself and returning to courtesy is the Qian Dao; being respectful and forgiving is the Dao of Kun. The learning of Yan and Ran can be seen here. However, if a scholar can truly achieve something by practicing respect and forgiveness, he will not be able to defeat himself.
Sima Niu asked Ren. Sima Niu, a disciple of Confucius, named Li, was the younger brother of Xiang Yu. Confucius said: "The words of a benevolent person are also scolding." scolding, sound blade. 豱, forbearance, and difficulty. A benevolent person keeps his heart in mind and never lets it go. Therefore, if his words are forbearing but not easy to speak, this is the end of his virtue. The Master said that the cow was talkative and impatient, so he told him this. If you are careful about this, then it is the way to be benevolent, and it is nothing more than this. Said: "His words are also ridiculous, does this mean that he is benevolent?" Confucius said: "It is difficult to do, so what he said is not wrong?" Niu means that benevolence is the greatest, not only as the Master said, so the Master also told it With this. The heart is always there, the story is meticulous, and the work is meticulous, so some of his words are difficult to change, and they cannot be forced to come out. Yang said: "Looking at this and the words asked again in the next chapter, you can see how easy it is for Niu to speak." Chengzi said: "Although Sima Niu talks a lot, I will mention it here, but the words of the sage should only stop here." Foolish said Cows are like humans. If you don't tell them the cause of their illnesses, but just think of them as benevolent, then they will be impetuous and unable to think deeply enough to get rid of their illnesses, and ultimately they will not be able to enter into virtue. That's why he told you so. Although the words of saints are different in height and size, they are all the same for scholars and are the key to entering virtue. Readers are left thinking about it.
Sima Niu asked the gentleman. Confucius said: "A gentleman has no worries and no fears." When a bull makes trouble, an ox is always worried. Therefore, the Master told him this: "Having no worries and no fears, is that what you call a gentleman?" The Master said: "If you look inward and don't feel guilty, why should you worry or be afraid?" Master, Yin Fu.
When Niu Zhi asked again, the meaning of the previous chapter was still the same, so he told him this again. Guilt, illness. It is said that he has no regrets about what he does on a daily basis, so he can reflect inwardly without feeling guilty and has no worries. He should not think it is easy and ignore it. Chao said: "Being neither worried nor fearful is due to the fact that one's virtue is perfect and flawless. Therefore, not being satisfied without entering is not a sign of real worries and forcing them to be dismissed."
Sima Niuyou said: "People They all have brothers, but I will perish alone. "If a cow has brothers but it is like this, I worry that it will die due to chaos. Zixia said: "Shang Wen said: Master Gai Wen. Death and life have destiny, wealth and honor are in heaven. Destiny is given at the beginning of life, and it cannot be changed now. It is beyond my power to do it if Heaven does not do it. But just accept it. A gentleman is respectful and courteous to others. We are all brothers in the world. Why should a gentleman have no brothers? Therefore, it is also said that if Gou can maintain respect for himself without interruption, and treat others with respect without interruption, then everyone in the world will love and respect him as a brother. Gai Xia wanted to alleviate Niu's worries, so he used these words as a last resort. Readers should not harm their meaning with his words. Hu said: "Zi Xia said that we are brothers all over the world, especially with the meaning of Guang Sima Niu. The meaning is round and the speech is stagnant, but the sage does not have this disease. And Zi Xia knew this and cried for his son to mourn, then Because you are blind to love and ignorant of reason, you cannot practice what you say."
Zizhang asked Ming. Confucius said: "The infiltration of 谮, the irritation of the skin, cannot go far. It can be said that it is clear. The infiltration of 谮, the skin feels irritation, cannot go far, it can be said that it is far away." Stupid, Su Lu rebelled. ○Soaking, like water soaking and moistening, gradually soaking but not suddenly. Nie, ruining people's journey. Skin injury refers to what is suffered by the skin, which is of immediate benefit. As Yi said, "stripping the bed to expose the skin will bring you closer to disaster." To be jealous is to be jealous of one's own grievances. If the person who destroys people is gradually stained but not suddenly, the listener will not realize that it is coming in, but will believe it deeply. If the grievance is urgent and personal, the listener will not be able to explain it in detail and will become violent. The two are difficult to detect, but if you can detect them, you can see the clarity of your heart and not hide it from the near. This must also be reported because of Zhang's loss, so his words are complicated but not killing, so that Ding Ning's meaning is clouded. Yang said: "If you speak suddenly, and the benefits and harms are not directly related to the body, you can't do it. There are people who don't have to wait for the enlightenment to be able to do it. Therefore, it is not possible to infiltrate the evil and the skin to feel it. Then it is said to be clear, and then it is said to be far away. . The book says: "Looking far is the only way to understand."
Zi Gong asked about politics. Confucius said: "Enough food and sufficient soldiers. The people will trust me." If the warehouses are solid and the weapons are prepared, and then education is carried out, the people will trust me and will not rebel. Zigong said: "We must go as a last resort. Which of the three should come first?" He said: "Go to the army." Go, the sound above is the same as below. If you keep your word and keep your word, you will be strong without soldiers. Zigong said: "We must go away as a last resort. Which of the two comes first?" He said: "Go out and eat. Death has always existed since ancient times, and people cannot stand without faith." If the people have no food, they will die, but death is inevitable for everyone. Without faith, even though you are alive, you will not be able to stand on your own feet, and it will be worse than death. Therefore, I would rather die than break faith with the people, so that the people would rather die than break faith with me. Cheng Zi said: "The disciples of Confucius are good at asking questions, and they will go all the way to the end, like this. Those who are not Zigong cannot ask, and those who are not saints cannot answer." Yu said that in terms of human feelings, if the soldiers are well fed, then my faith can spread to the people. . In terms of people's morality, it is to believe in what is inherent in oneself, not to gain from military and food. This means that politicians should lead their people and defend them to the death, and should not abandon them because of danger.
Ji Zicheng said: "A gentleman only has quality, why should he use literature as a basis?" Ji Zicheng, Doctor Wei. Humanity prevails in times of illness, so I say this. Zigong said: "What a pity! The master said that a gentleman is not as good as his tongue. It is the gentleman's intention that the words come out of the tongue. However, if the words come out of the tongue, the horse cannot chase them, and it is a pity that he makes a mistake. The text is still there. Zhiye, Zhiye is also like Wenye. It is like a tiger and a leopard, but it is like a dog and a sheep. ?, also those who have skin and hair removed. The quality of the words is equal to the ear, and cannot be ignored. If we must eliminate all the text and only retain the essence, then there will be no way to distinguish between a gentleman and a villain. Fu Jizi succeeded in correcting the shortcomings of the time, which was definitely a mistake; while Zigong corrected the shortcomings of Zi Gong, and there is no difference between the root and the bottom, so it was a mistake.
Ai Gong asked Yu Youruo: "I am hungry in the year and have insufficient use. What is the reason for this?" Those who call Youruo are the words of a monarch and his ministers. Used, said to be used by the state. The general will covers the desire to add gifts to meet the needs. You Ruo said to him: "Is it thorough?" "Che" means "through" and "all". Weekly system: One man is given a hundred acres of land, and he cooperates with the people in the same ditch and the well to harvest every acre. The great leader of the people got nine of them, and the public got one of them, so it was called thorough. Lu Zi declared that the public tax was per mu, and one of the ten mu was taken from each mu, so two were taken. Therefore, if you ask me to be dedicated to practicing the law, I want to use it to benefit the people. Said: "Two, I am still insufficient, how can I be so thorough?" Two, that is the so-called Shi Er. Gong Yiyouruo does not explain his purpose, so he said this to express the intention of adding a blessing. He said: "If the people are enough, which one of you is not enough? If the people are not enough, which one of you is enough?" If the people are rich, then the ruler will not be poor; if the people are poor, then the ruler will not be rich alone. If you deeply express the meaning of the unity of the monarch and the people in order to stop the public's excessive restraint, it should be deeply remembered by those who are superior to others. Yang said: "Benevolent government must start from the economic realm. If the economic realm is correct, then the wells and the ground will be equal, the valleys will be level, and the needs of the military and the country will be measured. So it is impossible to think of it as a solution. So once it is thorough, it will be lifted up by Baidu. Is it okay to worry about the insufficiency? With two If the teaching is not enough, it is doubtful that it is too rounded. However, if there is too much, there will be righteousness, and if there are too few, it will be raccoon. Without scriptures, I am stuck up and down. Is it because I don’t know what Yu Che is doing and is not being cunning?
Zizhang asked about advocating virtue and discerning confusion. also. If the Lord is loyal and trustworthy, then the foundation will be established; if the Lord is loyal, then the Lord will be renewed day by day. Love desires its life, evil desires its death. To desire both life and death is confusion. Evil, go away. It is human nature to love evil. However, life and death are determined by destiny, not something you can obtain but desire. To love evil and desire its life and death is delusion. To desire both life and death is extremely confusing. ‘Sincerity is not based on wealth, but only on differences. ’” This poem is elegant and I use wild words.
It is said in the old saying: Master introduced it to show that if you want it to live or die, you cannot bring it to life or death. As the poem says, it is not enough to make you rich, but it is enough to make a difference. Chengzi said: "This wrong slip should be above the 16th chapter of Qi Jinggong's Horse Qiansi. Therefore, the following text also has the word Qi Jinggong, which is wrong." Yang said: "It is dignified and Zhang Ye, and it is difficult to combine it with benevolence." This is why Duke Jin of Qi asked Confucius about the government if he was not sincere and good at making up for his mistakes. Jinggong of Qi was named Chujiu. In the last years of Duke Zhao of Lu, Confucius came to Qi. Confucius said to him: "The king is the king, the ministers are the ministers, the father is the father, the son is the son." This great scripture of humanity is also the foundation of political affairs. At that time, Jinggong was out of power, but Chen Shi, the official, was generous to the country. Jinggong also had many concubines and did not establish a prince. The ruler, ministers, father and son all lost their way, so the master told him this. The Duke said: "How good! Faith is like a ruler who is not a king, a minister who is not a minister, a father who is not a father, and a son who is not a son. Even though there is millet, how can I get it and eat it?" Duke Jing was kind to Confucius' words but could not use them, and the consequence was that the succession would be uncertain. , initiated the disaster of Chen family's regicide and usurpation of the country. Yang said: "The reason why a king is a king, the reason why a minister is a minister, the reason why a father is a father, and the reason why a son is a son is that there must be a way. Duke Jing knows the words of a good master, but he does not know the words of a good teacher, but he seeks the reason for it. He is pleased but does not interpret it. The reason why Qi died in chaos is because of it.”
Confucius said: “What is the reason for breaking a sentence?” With, level voice. A fragment of a sentence, a half-sentence. To break, to break. Zilu was loyal, trustworthy and decisive, so when he spoke his words, people believed them without waiting for them to be finished. There is no promise on the road. Stay, stay, still a place of old grudges. Eager to fulfill one's word, one does not keep one's promise. The reporter recorded this because of the Master's words, in order to see that the reason why Zilu won the trust of others was because he was well-educated. Yin Shi said: "Xiao Zhushe paraphrased Ben Lu, saying: 'Ji Lu wants me, but I have no alliance.' A country of thousands of chariots does not believe in its alliance, but believes in Zi Lu's words, and others believe it when they see it. It can be seen that those who break the law with one word are confident in their words and do not leave any promises, so they must believe. There will be no lawsuits!" Fan said: "Those who listen to the lawsuits should correct the root causes and clear up the causes, and then there will be no lawsuits." Yang said, "Zilu's words can break the law, but you don't know. If the country is governed by etiquette, it will not be able to prevent the people from lawsuits. Therefore, I also remember the words of Confucius, seeing that the sage does not find it difficult to hear lawsuits, but it is valuable to keep the people from lawsuits. "
Zi Zhang. Ask about politics. Confucius said: "Where you live, you will never be tired, and when you walk, you will be loyal." To live means to have all kinds of hearts. If you are not tired, you will always be the same. To do something means to do something. With loyalty, the outside and inside will be the same. Cheng Zi said: "Zhang Shaoren. If you don't sincerely love the people, you will be tired and not give your heart, so I tell you this." !" comes back.
Confucius said: "The beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of a man. The villain is." Those who succeed can do so through inducement, rewards and persuasion. There are differences between gentlemen and villains, both thick and thin, and their hobbies are also different between good and evil. Therefore, its intentions are different.
Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about politics. Confucius said to him: "Politics must be upright. Who dares to be unrighteous when the commander-in-chief is upright?" Fan said: "There is no one who can correct others without being upright himself." Hu said: "Since the middle period of Lu, government has been governed by officials, and retainers have followed suit. Therefore, Confucius told him that he wanted Kangzi to correct himself, but it was a pity that Kangzi was obsessed with profit and could not do it. "
Ji Kangzi was suffering from theft and asked Confucius. Confucius said to him: "The son of Gou has no desire, but he will not steal even if he rewards him." If the son is not greedy, then even if he rewards the people and makes them steal, the people will know their shame and will not steal. Hu said, "Ji's family stole the handle, and Kangzi seized the direct descendants. The people were thieves and kept their property. Is Yu also going against his roots? Confucius did not want to start it, and his purpose was profound." See the Spring and Autumn Annals about the seizure of the direct descendants.
Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about the government: "If there is no way to kill, how about there being the way?" Confucius said: "When you are in government, why kill? The son wants to be good, and the people are good. The virtue of a gentleman will be destroyed by the wind on the grass. If a politician is regarded as effective by the people, why should he kill him? If you want to be good, the people will be good. On top, as soon as it is done, it is added. Yan, servant. Yin said: "Killing is just a matter of words, how can it be the words of a superior? Those who teach by example will follow, and those who teach by words will sue, how about killing?"
Zizhang asked: "How can a scholar be called like this? "Advanced?" It is said that virtue can be achieved by people. Confucius said: "What do you call a master?" Confucius Zhang Wuwai, Confucius Gai knew the meaning of his question. Therefore, if you cross-examine him, you will be able to cure his illness and cure it. Zi Zhang said to him: "You must hear it in your country, and you must hear it at home." Confucius said: "This is hearing, not Da. Hearing and Da are similar but different. This is the reason why sincerity and falsehood are distinguished, and scholars must examine them. Therefore, Master has made a clear distinction, and will explain it in detail below. Fu Da is also He is upright and good at words, and he is sure to be successful in his country and at home. He has the same sound and integrity, and his behavior is appropriate. , scrutinize things and humble yourself, cultivate yourself, and do not ask others to know. However, if you cultivate virtue in yourself and others believe in it, then there will be no hindrance in your actions. Don’t doubt it. You will hear it when you are in your country, and you will hear it when you are at home. ○Be good at the color and take it from benevolence, and carry it out in practice, and be self-righteous without any scruples. This person is not pragmatic but only pursues fame. Therefore, although his reputation is prosperous but his virtue is real, it is a disease. Chengzi said: "Scholars must be pragmatic and not be close to names. If you want to be close to names, you have lost the foundation. What more can you learn? Learning for the sake of fame is fake. Most of today's scholars are just for fame. For fame and profit. The purity and turbidity are different, but the beneficial intention is the same. "Yin said: "The problem with Zi Zhang's learning is that it is not pragmatic. Therefore, Confucius said that all things that are pragmatic are from the inside and come from the outside.
At that time, the disciples personally received the teachings of the saints, but they failed to do so. What will happen in the future? "
Fan Chi was swimming under the dancing owl and said: "Dare to ask questions, respect virtue, practice self-discipline, and discern doubts. "杝, vomiting is reversed. Hu said: "The word "杝" comes from the heart and is hidden in the heart. It covers the evil hidden in the heart. Those who practice it, cure it and get rid of it. Confucius said: "Good question!" Do it well for yourself. To get things first and then later, is it not advocating virtue and giving? Attack the evil of others, and not attack the evil of others. How can we not cultivate evil? In a moment of anger, forgetting oneself and one's relatives, isn't it because of confusion? "And, calm voice. Gain first and gain later, just like saying that it is difficult first and gain later. If you do what you should do without counting the merits, your virtues will accumulate day by day without knowing it. If you focus on managing yourself but not blaming others, then you will not do your own evil. Hide it. Knowing that the anger of a dynasty is very small, but the harm to his relatives is very great, it is necessary to distinguish the confusion and punish his anger, so he told him this, and the three of them saved him. Loss. Fan said: "Get it first and then gain it. It is the righteousness that comes first and the benefit that comes from the bottom." People only have a desire for profit, so they do not respect virtue. But if you don't examine your own faults and know the faults of others, you will not cultivate. There is nothing better than being angry, forgetting one's own body and relatives, and being extremely confused. Those who have serious confusion must start from the subtle. If you can distinguish it early, you will not be confused in a big way. Therefore, to punish anger is to distinguish confusion. "
Fan Chi asked about Ren. The Master said: "Love people. "Ask Zhi. Confucius said: "Know people. "Zhi above, remove the sound, like the word below. Love people, benevolent. Know people, know things. Fan Chi has not reached it. Zeng said: "The meaning of Chi is covered with love and desire, but knowing that there is a choice, so doubting The two are contradictory. Confucius said: "If you straighten the wrong things, you can straighten the wrong ones." "Knowing what is straight and wrong is wrong. Making straight what is wrong is benevolent. In this way, the two are not only not contradictory but opposite to each other. Fan retreated late and saw Zixia. He said: "I saw the master in my hometown. When asked, Confucius said, "If you can straighten out all the wrong things, you can straighten those who are wrong." What does that mean? "In the countryside, go away. See, the virtuous people are everywhere. The late use of the master's words is only for those who know it. It has not yet reached the principle that can straighten those who are wrong. Zixia said: "Fu Zaiyan! I sigh that it encompasses so many people that I know more than just words. Shun had the world, he was chosen among the people, he promoted Gao Tao, and those who were unkind were far away. Tang has the world, and he is chosen among the people. If Yi Yin is promoted, those who are unkind will be far away. "Xuan, stop love and rebel. Tao, the sound is far away. Yuan, like the word. Yi Yin, the phase of Tang. Those who are unkind are far away, and everyone is transformed into benevolence. There is no unkind person. If they are far away, the so-called envoy It is wrong to be honest. Zi Xia Gai said that he knew the master and was both benevolent and wise. ○Cheng Zi said: "The words of the sage change according to people. Although there are some superficial ones, they are all-encompassing, as can be seen from this chapter. It's not like other people's words. If they say something close, they'll leave it far away. If they say something far away, they won't know what's near. "Yin Shi said: "When a scholar asks, he not only wants to hear what he says, but also wants to know his prescription; he not only wants to know his prescription, but also wants to do it. Just like Fan Chi asked about benevolence and knowledge, Master told him everything. Fan had not arrived yet, so he asked again, but he still didn't know why. Then he retreated and asked all the disciples of Xia, and then he could find out. If it is not explained, the question will be asked again. He not only asked his teachers, but also identified his friends. This was how the scholars at that time were pragmatic. "
Zi Gong asked a friend. The Master said: "Advice and good teaching, stop if you can't do it, don't humiliate yourself. "Report, the work is poisonous. Dao, eliminate the voice. ○ Friends are so helpful that they tell people with all their heart, and they speak well with Dao. However, if they are combined with righteousness, they can't be stopped. If you see them with numbers, If you are sparse, you will be humiliating yourself.
Zengzi said: "A gentleman uses literature to make friends, and friends to support benevolence." "If you give lectures to gather friends, the Tao will become clearer; if you use good deeds to support benevolence, your virtue will advance day by day."