Qin surname has three sources:
First, judging from the surname of Sheng, the ancestor Boyi was a descendant of Zhuan Xu, and later took the country name as his surname.
Won the surname Qin is the descendant of Emperor Zhuan Xu, taking the country name as his surname. According to the records in Yuanhe's Genealogy and Historical Records of Qin Benji, it is said that there was a granddaughter named Nvxiu in Zhuan Xu, who lived happily all day. Once, she went to play in the wild, found a swallow egg, ate it without hesitation, and got pregnant and gave birth to her son Hao Tao. Later, she married Shao Dianshi's daughter Hua and gave birth to Boyi. Shun Di, because Boyi assisted Dayu in water control, gave him a won surname, and at the same time married his own woman named Yao. The girl Yao gave birth to two sons. The youngest son, Ruomu, is Fei's ancestor. The eldest son's name is Dalian. Because he inherited his father's ability to tame birds and beasts, it is also called bird custom. The diligence of the bird custom was appreciated by the Shang emperor Taiwu and was named a vassal. In Shang Zhouwang, there was a descendant named Fei Lian.
Fei Lian is a scud, and his son E Lai is a strongman. Both father and son became Shang Zhouwang's cronies. After Zhou Wuwang ruined the business, both Fei Lian and E Lai were killed. Fei Lian's son Jisheng has a great-grandson, Zhao Fu, who is a driving doctor in Zhou Muwang. He was sealed in Zhao Cheng for his meritorious service in quelling the rebellion in Xu Yanwang. At this time, Rhoda, a descendant of Hubei, joined Zhao Fu and was rewarded by Zhao Fu. It was sealed in Goushan by Zhou Muwang (now Xingping County, Shaanxi Province, now Lixian County, Gansu Province). Rhoda has an illegitimate child named Feizi, who likes to deal with cattle and sheep since childhood and is famous for being good at animal husbandry when he grows up. He raised thoroughbred horses for Zhou in Taolin (now Huashan, Shaanxi), and the horses multiplied rapidly. Zhou was very happy, so he named Qin Gu (now southwest of Tianshui, Gansu Province) as a vassal state (lower than the vassal state) and resumed his surname Qin Ying. Sun Qinzhong, Feizi's third son, was appointed as a doctor by Zhou Xuanwang. After Qin Zhong was killed by Quan Rong (a northern minority in pre-Qin period), but his eldest son finally defeated Quan Rong. By the time of Qin Xianggong, the son of Zhuang Gong, Qin was promoted to a vassal state because of Qin Xianggong's contribution in protecting Zhou Ping from moving eastward (770 BC). Wen Gong, the son of Xiang Gong, once again repelled the dog Rong and occupied the vast area west of Qishan. The Qin Dynasty was founded in Yong (now the south of Xifeng County, Shaanxi Province). Since then, the capital has been moved to make friends (now southeast of Luochuan County, Shaanxi Province), Pingyang (now southeast of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province), Yong (now south of Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), Liyang (now northeast of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province) and other places. Later, Qin Mugong swept the twelve countries and initially established hegemony in Xirong. However, in the early Warring States period, due to economic backwardness and frequent civil strife, the national strength gradually declined, and the Hexi area (the area between Luoshui and the Yellow River in the north today) was captured by Wei. When Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to carry out political reform, his national strength gradually increased, and he moved his capital to Xianyang (now northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi), becoming the first of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period. King Hui of Qin defeated Wei, regained his glory, and finally recovered Hexi, and made efforts to open up territory to attack Bashu and capture Hanzhong, Chu. Zhao Haoqi of Qin constantly attacked the city and plundered the land, which greatly weakened Wei, Han, Zhao, Chu and other countries. In 22 BC, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, made a personal expedition, annexed all directions, finally destroyed the six countries, unified the world, and established the first unified dynasty in the history of China. Ying Zheng thought he was "three emperors and five emperors", so he called himself "the first emperor". The capital of Qin Shihuang was Xianyang, which further unified the southeast and southwest regions. Qin has been handed down for two generations. Due to the harsh bureaucracy, it was overthrown by Liu Bang in 206 BC and replaced by the Western Han Dynasty. Zi Ying, king of Qin, was killed by Xiang Yu. After the Qin dynasty was destroyed, the descendants of the royal family took the country name as their surname, which was called Qin family. This is the Qin family in Shaanxi.
Second, from the surname Ji, as a descendant, taking the city as the surname. When he was in Zhou Wuwang, his younger brother Zhou Gongdan was appointed as Duke Lu (northeast of Qufu County). Duke Lu later stayed in Zhoudu for assisting King Zhou, and his son Boqin took over the state of Lu. Among his descendants, there is a food city in Qin (now the south of Fan County, Henan Province). After taking the city as the surname.
The most important form of political organization in the Western Zhou Dynasty is the patriarchal clan system, which originated from the patriarchal clan system, and its core is the "eldest son inheritance system", that is, the eldest son is the eldest son and the rest are the second sons. For example, the first generation of governors are often the brothers of kings. They are a small clan relative to the king, and their eldest son can inherit the status of a vassal. Other sons are naturally uncles and nephews, and so on.
Patriarchal clan system has a far-reaching influence on the emergence and evolution of surnames. Generally, the eldest son of the monarch of a vassal state inherits his father as the monarch; The illegitimate child of the monarch (the younger brother of the eldest son of the monarch), also known as illegitimate child, has no right to inherit the throne. He must establish a new family and become the ancestor of this branch (new family). This is what the Book of Rites says: "illegitimate children are ancestors". In this way, other sons often create some new surnames, which are inherited by the eldest son. Qin's surname originated from Ji's surname and started from another son's indirect descendant. Its inheritance and connection are as follows:
According to the dialectics of ancient and modern surnames, when Zhou Wuwang was in power, he gave his younger brother Qufu (now the ancient city in the northeast of Qufu County, Shandong Province) and named him Duke Lu. Later, when King Wu died, Wang Cheng was still young and did not have the ability to govern independently. So, in order to assist, he sent his son (that is, the father of birds) to Lu (now Qufu, the capital of southwest Shandong) to fief. Before Boqin's departure, Duke Zhou warned him: "Although I (Duke Zhou) am the son of King Wen, my brother, and my uncle who became a king, I should be in a prominent position, but I am still afraid of neglecting the sages in the world, and I often scratch my hair and vomit." You must be careful when you go to Lu, and you must not be arrogant just because you are a royal family. After arriving in Shandong, under the guidance of Duke Zhou, he devoted himself to governing the country and played an important role in pacifying the "Three Prison Disorders". Lu presents a clean and peaceful scene. The descendants of Boqin took the male family as a doctor and ate in (now the south of Fan County, Henan Province). Later generations took the city as their surname, and when they called Qin, they looked at Taiyuan County. Most historical records believe that the Qin surname given by Bochen's descendants is authentic. Qin Fei of Lu, Qin Kai of Yan and Qin Shang of Chu are all descendants of Qin people of Lu. This is the source of the Qin family in Henan or Shandong.
Three, the ancient daqin (that is, the Roman Empire) people came to China and stayed in China, and some people followed the surname of Qin and Wei.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty said: Daqin "encircles its country by the West Sea, but its northwest reaches Lu Dao", and "the east, west, north and south are famous for thousands of miles. There are more than 400 cities. There are many gold and silver treasures on the earth, including luminous jade, bright moon pearls, scary chicken rhinoceros, fire washing cloth, coral, amber, colored glass, Ji Lang, Dani, sapphire and rare things. " . In other geographical categories or unofficial history's miscellaneous notes, there are also many stories about Daqin's production of foreign objects. Daqin mentioned in China's history books actually refers to the Roman Empire. Through the Silk Road, ancient China and Daqin strengthened economic and cultural exchanges.
In the 9th year of Yongyuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty (97), Ban Chao was ordered to send Gan Ying as a special envoy to Daqin. Gan Ying and his party started from Kucha (now Kuqa, Xinjiang), passed through Tiaozhi (now Iraq), rest in peace (now Iran) and other countries, and finally rested in the Persian Gulf on the western border. It is difficult to sail to Daqin because of the drastic changes in the weather at sea. /kloc-in 0/66, Emperor Daqin sent envoys to China with many gifts. During the period of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, Daqin sent envoys to China again. In later generations, China had closer contacts with Daqin, such as the discovery of China tablet, which was popular in Nestorianism of Daqin in Tang Dynasty.
After Daqin people came to China for business or business, because China is rich in resources, beautiful mountains and rivers and highly developed culture, they are willing to stay in China rather than go back. These people follow the customs of the Han nationality and take "Qin" as their surname. From then on, children and grandchildren have multiplied in China from generation to generation. These people became one of the ancestors of Qin surname. Such as Qin Lun, a businessman from the Three Kingdoms. In ancient times, many western regions and Europe called China Qin, and later western countries called China zhina, that is, the change of Qin Yin.
Qin surname is the ancestor.
Boyi Emperor Zhuan Xu had a granddaughter named Nvxiu, who got pregnant and gave birth to a son after eating swallow eggs. Boyi, the son of Daye, helped Dayu (the tribal leader of the ancient alliance, who succeeded in water control and became the heir of Shun) to control water. Shun Di gave him a winning surname and married his children to Yao. Fei Zi, a descendant of Boyi, is famous for his good herding. Raising horses for Zhou won the favor of Xiao Wang, so he was named the vassal state of Longxi (now east of Gansu) and took Qin Ying as his surname. During the Warring States Period, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform, and his national strength gradually became rich and strong. In 22 1 year BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, conquered six countries, unified the world and established the first feudal dynasty in the history of China. In 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty perished, and its royal descendants took the country name as their surname, which was called Qin surname. Boyi thus became the ancestor of Qin surname.
Immigration history of Qin surname
Before Wei and Jin dynasties
The historical stage from pre-Qin to Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is the stage of the emergence and initial development of Qin surname.
The earliest Qin people, that is, descendants of Zhuan Xu Emperor Won, mainly lived in the northwest at that time, while descendants of Ji were mostly in the east. During the Warring States Period, people surnamed Qin began to go north, and their footprints reached the territory of Hebei Province today. Since then, due to war and other reasons, it has been distributed in Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi and Hubei. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the old nobles of the six countries and some local strongmen were powerful and even threatened the authority of the central government. In order to consolidate the rule of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang adopted Lou Jing's suggestion, and moved the descendants of the Six Nobles and the Kanto Nobles to Guanzhong and placed them under the supervision of the central government. The foreign population is about 200,000. Among them, a noble family named Qin in Shandong moved to Fufeng Maoling (now northeast of Xingping County, Shaanxi Province) and later developed into a big family. At the same time, some Qin surnames moved to Gansu, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Beijing. Around the end of the Han Dynasty or the Three Kingdoms period, a branch of Qin surname, which originated from the descendants of Ji surname, moved to Shanxi, and later formed a big county, namely Taiyuan County. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, some Qin surnames moved south. At the same time, a big county, Tianshui County, was also formed in today's Gansu Province.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the descendants of Bo Bird were sealed in Qin Yi and Lu State, and later generations took Yi as their surname, resulting in the Qin surname. This Qin surname originated in Fanxian County, Henan Province and Qufu, Shandong Province, and spread to Shaanxi Province and Hubei Province at the beginning. During the Warring States period, it spread northward and moved to today's Hebei Province. By the end of the Warring States period, after three or four hundred years of development, the surname Qin of Ji had been widely distributed in Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi, Hubei and other places. Generally speaking, Ji Qin is the main surname of Qin who is active in the historical stage of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
A branch of Qin surname, originated in Tianshui, Gansu Province, surnamed Qin. Since the demise of the Qin Dynasty in 206 BC, the descendants of the royal family took the name of the country, and most of them lived in Shaanxi. Another branch of Qin surname originated in Fan County, Henan Province and Qufu, Shandong Province, and later developed into the mainstream of Qin surname. This Qin surname first spread in Shaanxi and Hubei, and moved north to Hebei during the Warring States Period. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it had spread all over Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi, Hubei and other places. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, in order to eliminate the aristocratic and powerful forces of the Fang Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu moved the descendants of the nobles of the six countries and the Kanto dignitaries to Guanzhong. Among them, a powerful family named Qin moved to Fufeng Maoling (now northeast of Xingping County, Shaanxi Province) and later developed into a local noble family. Meanwhile, Qin has entered Gansu, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Beijing. Around the end of the Han Dynasty or the Three Kingdoms, a Qin surname, which originated from the descendants of Ji surname, moved to Shanxi and gradually developed into the hope of Taiyuan County. The southward migration of Qin surname began in the pre-Qin period.
Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties
The Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the second turbulent period in China's history, with frequent regime changes and constant wars. With the change of the war situation, people often have to move around, and the Qin people everywhere are no exception. Among them, a branch of Ji surnamed Qin moved to Shanxi, where it took root and developed, forming a big county of Qin State, namely Taiyuan County. At the same time, the Qin clan in Gansu developed more fully because they were relatively far away from the center of war, and Tianshui County, another county of Qin surname, was formed here.
Compared with the north, there were fewer war disasters in Wu Dong during the Three Kingdoms period. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of people and many wealthy nobles fled to the south of the Yangtze River with Emperor Si Marui of the Jin Dynasty, and Si Marui relied on them to establish political power in the south, known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. Those who crossed the river with them were called "overseas Chinese" by the locals, and many of them were surnamed Qin. As a result, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the main places and thrive in Jiangnan. As far as the resident population is concerned, Wuxi, Huiji, Yin Shan and Ningbo are the most concentrated. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the south was still relatively stable, and the people surnamed Qin were further developed in the south, with far-reaching influence. Later, many outstanding figures of Qin surname came to Jiangnan.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the north was hacked endlessly, and the surname Qin moved south again to avoid chaos. At the same time, in today's Gansu Province, another county has been formed, namely Tianshui County. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Qin surnames were distributed in many places in the south of the Yangtze River, among which Wuxi, Jiangsu, Huiji, Zhejiang, Yin Shan and Ningbo were the most concentrated. It spread all over the south of the Yangtze River in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and all over the country after the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Migration and distribution of Qin surname
The Qin surname in China is mainly divided into two branches, one in the northwest and the other in the east and southeast. The former is a descendant of Zhuan Xu who won the surname and was born in the old Qin land in Tianshui, Gansu. Since the demise of the Qin Dynasty, its people took the country name as their surname, and their descendants mostly lived in Shaanxi and other places. The latter branch, a descendant of the Yellow Emperor Ji surname, originated in Fanxian County, Henan Province and Qufu, Shandong Province, and later developed into the mainstream of Qin surname reproduction in China, and spread to Shaanxi, Hubei and other places from the beginning. During the Warring States Period, people surnamed Qin went north and developed into today's Hebei Province. In the pre-Qin period, Qin surnames had been distributed in Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Hubei, Hebei and other places. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, in order to get rid of the old nobles and powerful forces in various places and maintain the centralized rule of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu, adopted Lou Jing's suggestion and moved the descendants of the nobles of the six countries and the nobles of Guandong (now east of Tongguan, Shaanxi) to Guanzhong, thus placing them under the supervision of the central government, with a population of about 200,000, including a noble family named Qin, who moved to Fufeng Maoling (now Xingfeng, Shaanxi). This Qin family has a large population and officials. At the same time, Qin has moved to Gansu and Jiangsu, or moved to Sichuan and Beijing. Around the end of the Han Dynasty or the Three Kingdoms period, a branch of Qin surname, which originated from the descendants of Ji surname, moved to Shanxi, and later formed a big county, namely Taiyuan County. The southward migration of Qin dynasty began before the Qin dynasty. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to years of war in the north, Qin moved south again. At the same time, another county, Tianshui County, has also formed in today's Gansu. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it has been distributed in many places in the south of the Yangtze River, mainly in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, with Wuxi in Jiangsu, Shaoxing and Ningbo in Zhejiang being the most concentrated. During the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, some Qin surnames migrated to Guangxi, Anhui, Guizhou, Fujian, Beijing, Shanghai and other provinces and cities. From the Qing Dynasty to modern times, they were more widely distributed all over the country, and many of them emigrated overseas, thus making the Qin surname more widely circulated and prosperous. Qin is the 78th surname in China with a large population, accounting for 0.27% of the Han population in China.