"What do I want to say to your mother?" "Wait, let me think." "Right on my lips," she said. "Wait a minute, I know." "You know what I mean." "Are you not resting well or have indigestion?" "It's right next to my mouth." "Wait a minute, wait a minute, I know. ” 1. This is a dialogue between Nick Shah and his wife Marianne in Dan DeLillo’s novel “Underworld.” This is a typical example of being unable to recall something familiar. This situation often occurs in daily life, which always makes people feel helpless. Like Nick and Marianne's dialogue, sometimes it's okay to get stuck. But on some occasions, it can cause great anxiety. For example, at a company banquet, you and your colleague Martin are drinking and chatting. Then a woman you've worked with for a long time and whom you haven't seen in months wants to join in the conversation. You were tempted to introduce her to Martin, and usually you were happy to do so. Although you know her position very well, her time in the company, and even her favorite food, you just can't remember her name, and it almost makes you faint. You may remember that her name begins with C or K, and know that it contains many other syllables. The name is on the tip of your tongue, but no matter how hard you try, you just can't remember it. In order to avoid silence and embarrassment, you can only quickly change the topic. "Do you know each other?" you asked, pretending to be nonchalant. When Katrina shakes Martin's hand and introduces herself, you feel relieved but also frustrated. 2. This memory deficit is not the same as distraction or forgetfulness. It is different from distraction, because the occasionally stuck names or words have been encoded by memory information and stored in the brain, and can be recalled as long as there are suitable clues; it is also not like the forgetfulness defect, which is forgotten as soon as it is forgotten. It's just sitting there, as if you're about to remember it, but it's useless no matter how anxious you are, you just can't remember it. Sometimes, there are obvious facts, but you just can't argue with others. 3. "Blank" occurs in many situations. In daily conversation, you may forget a word in a sentence; actors are most afraid of forgetting their lines on stage. Although it is rare, the embarrassment can be imagined; students are most afraid of nothing more than reviewing something many times. I was stuck in the exam room, and I suddenly realized it after the exam was over. The survey found that the most common gap in daily life is forgetting the names of acquaintances. This situation happens more to the elderly and becomes their biggest concern. The most common memory problems complained by people over 50 years old are roughly the same, one of which is being unable to recall the names of acquaintances. 4. Objective data also supports these views. Let people in their 20s, 40s and 70s keep diaries for a month each to record the things they encountered that were "on the tip of their tongues" but could not remember. It turns out that "gaps" usually occur in item names (such as seaweed) and abstract words (such as dialects). Among the three sets of tests, the most common "blank" occurred when the person could not recall a name, and personal names were more difficult to recall than country or city names. Forgetting names occurred most frequently in the 40- to 70-year-old group, not in the 20-year-old group. In contrast, forgetting the names of acquaintances occurred most frequently among the 70-year-old group. 5. Why do we always forget other people’s names? Before answering this question, let’s take a look at the counter-argument experiment called Baker/baker by psychologists. The experiment was divided into two groups, and the subjects were shown pictures of unfamiliar male heads. The difference was that the first group of subjects were shown photos and names, while the second group was shown photos and occupations. The experiment looked at the names and occupations of men in photos tagged with the same words. For example, members of the name group get the information that the first person's name is Baker (meaning baker, translator's note), and the second person's name is Potter (meaning potter, translator's note); while members of the occupation group get the information The first man is a baker by profession, the second a potter. Finally, only relevant photos were shown and the two groups were asked to recall relevant information. It was found that the probability of recalling occupations was higher than that of names. This conclusion is called Baker's theory. Why do the same words produce different results when recalled when they represent people's names and occupations? 6. One hundred and fifty years ago, John Stuart Meyer explained Baker's theory in a modern way through a large number of observations. “Most people’s names don’t have any special connotations.
"Names only indicate what we call different people, but they fail to indicate or imply any other characteristics that belong to those people," Meyer explained. "That is to say, when I tell you that my friend's name is John Baker, you know nothing else except that he has a rather ordinary Anglo-Saxon name. But If I told you that my friend was a baker, I would probably tell you a lot of things: where he worked, how he was doing, what special ingredients he used to bake bread, what his special skills were, and so on. Occupation adds a wealth of associations and knowledge to one's understanding of baker. The word "baker" fully represents its own meaning. In this experiment, we can more easily use preexisting associations. and knowledge to remember the occupation "Baker", but it is far less easy to remember the name "Baker" 7. Some names have less meaning, which is why it is harder for us to remember and master new names. You can see why people are more likely to forget similar names because some names have almost no corresponding definitions, knowledge, and connections compared to common names. Let's look at cognitive psychologists Serge Bridat and Diem. ·A small experiment reported by Valentine. They showed people some pictures of cartoon and comedy characters, some with descriptive names that highlighted their character traits (Grumpy, Snow White, Cheapskates, etc.), and others Some were given arbitrary names. It was found that even though participants were familiar with both types of names, they were less likely to forget the descriptive names than the arbitrary names. 8. In modern Western culture, the average person's name is usually similar to their own. Characteristics have nothing to do with each other. For example, the names of the Indian tribes in the Yuman area of ??Arizona specifically represent the time and place of their birth. The surnames of wealthy farmers indicate his important religion. The belief is that the surnames of members of the middle class were derived from the man's first name, and that the names of poor shepherds were simply ridiculous nicknames. These names, which could reflect the cultural background of the individual's special nature, appeared to be "blank" than in the modern West. Less society. 9. The theoretical model of memory for common and proper names can help us gain a deeper understanding of the kind of knowledge required to produce common and proper names because of the lack of conceptual knowledge of names. Obviously different than quantity. First, let's consider the following three basic factors. The first element is a visual description, a vivid representation of an object or person, such as a square book, a sharp knife, or a bulging nose. Companion Martin's thin black hair. Visual descriptions of the "Baker" include the appearance, appearance, and characteristics of the different bakers you encounter. The visual description of "John Baker" may include the shape of his face and other characteristics such as edging. glasses, thick gray beard, etc.