Region: Jiangsu·Taizhou·Jingjiang City Cultural Heritage Name: Jingjiang Lecture Book Heritage Number: Ⅰ-7 Heritage Category: Folk Literature
Application Date: 2006 Applicant/ Application unit: Jingjiang City, Jiangsu Province Heritage level: Provincial contact information:
The origin of Jingjiang Lectures
Jingjiang Lectures is a form of rap music spread among the people in Jingjiang. The "Sutra" is called "Baojuan", which comes from Bianwen in the Tang Dynasty. Bianwen is a kind of Buddhist secular talk, which expresses the magical changes in Buddhist instruments in popular words. It is an effective means of spreading Buddhist teachings and is also the earliest rap literature in China. "Baojuan" was introduced to Jingjiang around the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. By the Qing Dynasty, after continuous oral processing by the speaker-"Buddha Tou", it had developed to the basic stage of finalization. Jingjiang Lectures are spread throughout the world in the pure local language of Jingjiang Wu and form a system of their own with unique local characteristics. They are the only "living fossils" of my country's ancient treasure scrolls that are still spoken, sung and passed down among the people in the form of "doing lectures" .
The content of Jingjiang Lectures
The basic content of Jingjiang Lectures is Baojuan. "Baojuan" can be divided into three categories: "sacred scroll", "caojuan" and "technical scroll".
The "Holy Scroll", also called the "Big Scroll", tells the story of the Bodhisattva's mortal life and his practice to become a Buddha. The more popular ones are "Sanmao Scroll" and "Great Scroll" , "Zitong Volume", "Ksitigarbha Volume" and more than ten volumes.
"Caojuan", also called "Xiaojuan", is a secular story adapted by "Buddha Tou" based on old novels or other singing literature, including "Luotong Sweeps the North" and "Five Tigers Pingxi" , "Xue Gang's Rebellion against the Tang Dynasty" and dozens of other works.
The "Holy Scroll" is the authentic "Bao Scroll". Although the content promotes Bodhisattva, it has been mixed with a large number of folklore and folk customs. The story is twists and turns, the plot is vivid, and the language is authentic. The Jingjiang dialect has a strong local flavor, which dilutes the religious color and adds to the local artistic and literary qualities.
The origin of Jingjiang Baojuan
Jingjiang Baojuan is part of the preaching Baojuan that was popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China. It was not only influenced by the preaching culture in the north and south, but also in the process of inheritance. Many local characteristics have been added to it, forming a Jingjiang Baojuan with strong local color that integrates Buddhist customs, folk customs, folk songs, and legends. Baojuan is a "by-product" of doing meetings. It is precisely because of folk belief in doing meetings that there are Baojuan lectures used in "doing meetings". Therefore, to study the origin of Jingjiang Baojuan, we must first explore the origin of Jingjiang doing meetings. . Folk religious meetings were very common in the Ming Dynasty. There are both Buddhist folk activities and folk Taoist meetings, and most of them are ordinary believers of folk religions that combine the three religions into one. Folk religious lectures and meetings in the Ming Dynasty were very common throughout the country, and Jingjiang was no exception. They appeared at least before the middle of the Ming Dynasty. In the tomb of Liu Zhizhen during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, which was unearthed in Maqiao, Jingjiang in August 1990, there is a "Lu Yin", which is the "portable license" issued to Zhu Liu during a meeting on March 26, the 18th year of Jiajing (1539). ". This is the earliest physical object of Jingjiang folk gathering that can be seen so far. Zhu Liu's name was Zhizhen. He was born on November 12, the first year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1465), and died on July 19, the 29th year of Jiajing (1550) (according to the epitaph of Zhu Mu Liu Ruren in the Ming Dynasty in the tomb) 》), lived eighty-six years [①]. This "portable license" was filled out in the 18th year of Jiajing, when he was seventy-five years old, eleven years before his death. From the photos taken during the excavation, we can roughly see the general content of the folk religious meetings during the Ming Dynasty [②]. The full name of this "The Guide to the Road to the Underworld" is "The Guide to the Road to the Underworld spread in the Zhoufu Mountain". It is on thick leather paper, printed with a block, and the name, surname, and date are filled in by hand. Although badly damaged, the main contents can still be seen. The general idea is that all living beings, men and women, are deceived by wealth and fame, and "do not believe in the theory of heaven and hell." They slaughter pigs, sheep, chickens, geese, etc., and fall into the hell of soup, grinding, and tongue-pulling. "On the day of the birth date", "I generally urge good men and women to think about the suffering in hell, develop bodhicitta, fast and recite the Buddha's name", "The faithful woman Liu's name belongs to the twelfth day of the eleventh month of Yiyou... she is sincere and pious." "I quote from this article. Your Highnesses, all the kings on the underworld, compared the sins that were eradicated during their lifetimes, and recorded their good deeds... I beg to judge the good path between humans and heavens. I now respect the Three Treasures of the Bhikkhu, and I will never leave the human body.