In fact, the ancients knew that the heights were too cold. They will think that the moon is hanging in the sky, which must be in line with the truth that it is too cold at high places, so they think it is cold on the moon.
In fact, the ancients guessed half right, but the logical starting point was untenable.
Because the moon has no atmosphere and no liquid water, heat cannot be stored on the surface of the moon. Therefore, the temperature of the moon can be as high as 120 degrees Celsius during the day and as low as-180 degrees Celsius at night.
The moon is at the extreme of hot and cold, and the so-called Guanghan Palace is hotter than boiling water during the day.
The ancients also predicted that the days on the earth would be day by day and year by year. Nowadays, many people listen to the theory of relativity carelessly. The faster the speed, the slower the time passes. So I think the speed in the sky is faster than the earth, so the time in the sky is slow, so the ancients were right again?
In fact, the so-called sky is a weak gravitational field compared with the ground in general relativity, and its time passes faster. The space station is 400 kilometers from the ground, mainly considering the influence of the speed of special relativity on time, while the influence of weak gravitational field on time will be very weak. So the time on the space station is really slower than the ground.
But the satellite is much higher than the space station. So at this time, the time acceleration effect caused by weak gravitational field will exceed the time deceleration effect of special relativity. So the satellite time is faster than the earth, so from this point of view, the ancient people's predictions of one day in the sky and one year on the ground are wrong.
The ancient people's prediction of natural phenomena is not scientific, even if it is correct, it is just a coincidence, and it is not worth over-interpretation.
The mass of the moon is only one-eighth of that of the earth, and its gravity is only one-sixth of that of the earth. This makes its escape speed only 2.38 kilometers per second. And because of the cooling of the inner core, the magnetic field intensity is less than 1% of the earth. Therefore, if there is no magnetic field to deflect the solar wind, the atmosphere of the moon will be accelerated to escape speed by the solar wind and escape into space. This has caused the moon to have almost no atmosphere.
Figure: The surface of the moon
Without the thermal insulation of the atmosphere, the temperature difference on the surface of the moon is very large. Under direct sunlight, the temperature can be as high as 120, while at night the temperature can be as low as-170, and the temperature difference is close to 300 degrees. Therefore, the moon is not as cold as the subject imagined, but freezes to death when it is cold and burns to death when it is hot.
The ancients thought that the "Guanghan Palace" of the moon was cold, just a guess based on the usual life experience. The ancients knew that "it is too cold at high places" and the phenomenon of cold at night. Most of the time, the moon appears in the "high altitude" at night, so it should be cold.
Now we all know that the universe is vast, and recently a black hole has been discovered, which is another great progress and discovery in astronomy. Some people have been to the moon nearest to our earth. The moon is very cold and the temperature is very low.
Many people wonder, how did the ancients know that the moon was cold without such advanced technology, and also took out the name of Guanghan Palace with such artistic conception? How did this name come from?
It is understood that the name Guanghan Palace should be called from the Tang Dynasty:
Guanghan Palace was widely used as an image in the Song Dynasty, and the word Guanghan Palace was mentioned in many literati's poems in the Song Dynasty.
Of course, the origin of this name is not too close to "cold" at first.
Legend has it that in ancient times, Chang 'e was a descendant of a woman. Later, Han Zhuo killed Hou Yi and became king. After the death of Hou Yi, Chang 'e became Han Zhuo's woman. The country ruled by Han Biao is called "cold country" and its palace is called "cold palace". At that time, in order to please Chang 'e, Han Zhuo built a huge palace for her, which was unexpectedly called "Guanghan Palace".
So why is Guanghan Palace connected with the moon again? Because of the "cold country" or this tribe, their belief totem is the moon, and naturally there are related legends.
Of course, this is only the origin of its name, why it is associated with cold, mainly because of the adaptation of later myths and legends.
Legend has it that Chang 'e, Yutu and Wu Gangsan people live in Guanghan Palace, and only the three of them are deserted. WU GANG was the first one to go up, because his wife cheated on her and killed the adulterer, and was locked in the moon by the sun god. Tell him to hold on to the immortal tree until it is cut down. Every time he cuts a knife, the tree will heal itself and can only continue to climb.
Chang 'e went up from behind, and her husband Hou Yi was a hero who shot nine suns to help the people out of trouble. He was loved by the Queen Mother of the West, and was awarded the medicine that could soar to immortality. The result was stolen by a malicious servant. After Chang 'e discovered and took the medicine, she had to swallow it herself. After that, she ascended to immortality and entered the Guanghan Palace. From then on, only a jade rabbit accompanied her.
In fairy tales, people who live on the moon are a little miserable. In a Guanghan Palace in Nuoda, only Chang 'e, WU GANG and Yutu were accompanied, so it was cold and lonely, so it was called Guanghan Palace and Qingxu Palace. Although the ancients didn't have high technology to explore the temperature of the moon, they knew that the higher the place, the colder it was, as the saying goes. Moreover, the moon only appears at night, and the temperature at night is the lowest in a day, which is why ancient people thought the moon was very cold.
Of course, they are only speculating, not "knowing" as the subject said!
The ancients never called the moon Guanghan Palace, but said that Guanghan Palace was a palace built by an upper fairy for Chang 'e. It is said that it was transformed from a toad with cosmic spirituality, so it is also called "the moon".
It can be seen that Guanghan Palace is just a palace built on the moon and cannot be metonymically equivalent. Of course, in the eyes of the ancients, the moon was really cold, not only because the palace on the moon was called Guanghan Palace, but also because the ancients called the moon "lunar" and the scorching sun "sun". Then why did the ancients think so? There are several reasons for this.
First, the ancients guessed purely by emotion.
Just as Aristotle thought from perceptual experience that "heavy objects fall faster than light objects". The ancients regarded the sun, the moon and the stars as the sky, and the sky was higher than the ground-it was too high to be cold and thought it was cold.
At first, the ancients did not know that the moon was divided into day and night. At that time, the moon was cold (-190) and hot (127). In fact, it is impossible to simply say whether the moon is cold or hot. But the ancients arbitrarily thought that the moon was cold by subjective imagination.
Second, the sun appears during the day, while the moon generally appears at night, which is relatively cooler and colder than during the day.
The sun shines during the day, giving off heat and bringing warmth to people. But at night, although there is a moon, there is no heat at all, and only a little light is still on, so it is called "the moon". Of course, the ancients didn't know at first that moonlight was actually reflected sunlight, which shone on the moon and then reflected to the earth. Instead, I regarded it as a spontaneous "cloudy light" astrology, and later I gradually learned that it was also considered as the light of the sun. The sun is opposite to the moon, so the moon is called lunar. Ancient philosophy said: "Tao has Tai Chi. Taiji gives birth to two instruments, two instruments give birth to four elephants, and four elephants give birth to gossip. " The two instruments refer to yin and yang, in which yin refers to female, soft and cold. This moon image is one of four images, which means female, cold or water in winter, North Pole, darkness, humidity and so on. The ancients have long found that the moon phase of women is related to the movement of the moon, while women are cloudy, so they call the moon lunar, which means cold.
Third, it comes from ancient myths and legends.
Qing Dongsheng's Palace of Eternal Life: "I am Chang 'e, the Lord of the lunar calendar and the wife of Hou Yi",
Chang 'e is the master of the lunar calendar and the moon is the lunar calendar. Chang 'e was only accompanied by the Jade Rabbit, and a silly WU GANG was punished. She kept cutting down osmanthus trees, which was really lonely and desolate. It is really "Chang 'e should regret stealing the elixir", and the moon is the "cold palace" in people's minds.
Now with Chang 'e IV as my companion, I won't be lonely.
The ancients called the moon Guanghan Palace. Why did the ancients know that the moon was cold?
The moon is the closest celestial body to the earth. Since its formation, it has been quietly guarding the earth for more than 4 billion years, witnessing the development and evolution of the earth and the gradual prosperity of life. The ancients have always worshipped the moon, the most faithful "companion" of the earth, and endowed it with many beautiful fairy tales, and regarded it as an ideal home for carrying people's spiritual sustenance. "Yugui, Yintai, Chanjuan, Yaochan, Moon, Guanghan Palace, Taiqing" and so on are all beautiful names of the ancients for the moon. If literally understood, the meaning of "Guanghan Palace" is vast and magnificent, and the other is cold and empty, then how did the ancients know that the moon was cold?
Since the end of 1960s, with the rapid development of science and technology, especially space exploration technology, more and more probes have been launched into low-earth orbit or landed on the surface of the moon. In particular, 12 astronauts successfully landed on the moon, which intuitively showed the basic state of the surface of the moon from the first perspective of human beings, and also carried out corresponding scientific monitoring and exploration activities, which provided us with a lot of valuable information for a comprehensive, intuitive and in-depth understanding of the moon.
The mass of the moon is only 1/8 1 of the earth, and the surface gravity acceleration is only 1/6 of the earth. Weak gravity makes it impossible to bind the surrounding atmosphere. In addition, because the inner core of the moon has been completely cooled, the magnetic field has almost completely subsided, thus losing the ability to block and guide a large number of high-energy particle streams blowing from the sun. The original atmosphere around the moon was ionized and decomposed by these high-energy particle streams, and finally dissipated into space. Without the protection of the atmosphere, there is no "buffer zone" to maintain heat. Solar radiation can directly heat the surface of the moon, making the temperature of the moon's back to the sun rise rapidly, reaching above 120 degrees Celsius. On the side facing away from the sun, the heat loss rate is also very fast, and the lowest temperature can reach below-170 degrees Celsius.
Of course, in ancient times, people could not accurately know the surface temperature of the moon. As for why it is called "Guanghan Palace", it has little to do with the cold, but with the owner of the legendary "Moon Palace", that is, Chang 'e. According to the Book of Songs, Chang 'e was "the daughter of Di Ku's concubine" and she was the first to marry the monarch of a poor country, Hou Yi. Later, Hou Yi took in Han Zhuo, a tramp. With his glib tongue and several outstanding military exploits, Han Zhuo was appointed as the prime minister, with great power. Later, Han Zhuo killed Hou Yi and became king, and Chang 'e was forced to remarry Han Zhuo. The country usurped by Han Biao was simply called "cold country" by later generations, and its capital was Hanting. According to research, it is located in Hanting District, Weifang City, Shandong Province.
In order to please Chang 'e, Han Zhuo built a magnificent palace for her in Beijing, so this palace is called "Guanghan Palace". At the same time, Han Zhuo's ancient tribe took the moon as a totem, which led to the myth of "the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon" and regarded "Guanghan Palace" as the residence of Chang 'e on the moon, so over time, "Guanghan Palace" became synonymous with the moon. It can be seen that the explanation of this "Guanghan Palace" has nothing to do with cold.
In addition, there is a folk legend that Chang 'e was punished by heaven after taking the magic medicine and was turned into a toad trapped on the moon, so Chang 'e's residence on the moon is called "moon" and the moon is also called "moon". It's just that this fairy tale doesn't sound so beautiful, and the moon has gradually changed from "moon" to "Guanghan Palace".
Although the ancients didn't know the surface of the moon, they still knew the truth that it was too cold at the top. People felt the light from the moon and the chill at night, so the name "Guanghan Palace" was consistent with people's feelings, and this title has been handed down all the time. As a result, ancient myths and legends combined with the ancient people's speculation on the temperature at high places, and the two merged with each other, eventually casting the reputation of the moon as the "Guanghan Palace".
The ancients called the moon lunar, opposite to the sun, and it was too cold, so it was taken for granted that the moon should be very cold. The ancients also called the palace on the moon Guanghan Palace, where Chang 'e Moon Rabbit lived.
With the advent of the modern space age, humans have launched a large number of satellites and detectors to survey the moon. In the past ten years or so, the Apollo moon landing program has sent six groups of astronauts to the moon. Humans have discovered that the moon is actually much hotter than the earth during the day, reaching 120 degrees.
Because the moon has no atmospheric heat insulation, the temperature difference between the sun and the earth is huge, and the temperature difference between day and night exceeds 300 degrees. The surface temperature of the moon is 120 degrees during the day, but it drops to-180 degrees at night. The Chang 'e IV lander launched by China has just passed the extremely low temperature of minus 190 degrees on the back of the moon.
It is popular to worship the ancients now. Many people think that the ancients were smarter than modern people, superstitious about ancestral secret recipes and addicted to court dramas. They believe that the predictions of the ancients are normal.
Some scholars believe that to understand this problem, we must first know the origin of Guanghan Palace: the legendary Guanghan Palace where Chang 'e lived on the moon is actually in Hanting District, Weifang City, Shandong Province, which was also the capital of the cold country more than 4,000 years ago.
A man named Han Zhuo killed Hou Yi and became king. Chang 'e's tribe formed an alliance with the Han family, and Chang 'e herself remarried to Han Zhuo. Han Zhuo built a magnificent palace, the Cold Palace, for her to live in. Magnificence is broadness, which is the origin of the "Guanghan Palace".
In fact, the fairy tales of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon and Houyi shooting at the sun are probably the result of the continuous word-of-mouth and final adaptation of this history.
Although the palace on the moon is called Guanghan Palace, in fact, the origin of this name is not too close to cold, and the ancients are not expressing the meaning of "cold" and "warm". Some scholars believe that:
First, it's too cold up there.
Because the ancients knew that the higher the place, the colder it would be, like a mountain. And the moon at night, hanging alone in the cold night sky, gives people the feeling of being cold and lonely. Therefore, there is a saying that "the heights are too cold".
What's more, the light emitted by the moon at night is silvery white, without the temperature of sunlight during the day, which makes people feel cold and cheerless, so the ancients thought that the moon was extremely cold.
In fact, when we look at the moon, the sun shines on the moon, and the temperature can be as high as 120 degrees Celsius.
Second, the desolation in myths and legends.
From ancient China, there are many myths and legends about the moon, the most famous of which is the story of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon.
Chang 'e is the master of the lunar calendar-Look at the Palace of Eternal Life. "I am Chang 'e, the master of the lunar calendar, and the wife of Hou Yi. "According to the ancients, the moon is lunar.
Chang 'e stole the elixir of life, and after she entered the celestial world of the moon, she was only accompanied by Jade Rabbit and Guishu (WU GANG), so lonely and "cold", which formed the "cold palace" in people's minds. Therefore, in ancient poems and legends, the place where Chang 'e lived was cold.
To sum up, it is Shu Jun's point of view. The ancients called the moon Guanghan Palace, one of which only refers to the title of Chang 'e Palace above, which has its legendary origin, not the whole moon; Cold in the second name is not because it is "cold" in temperature, but because it is cold in another artistic conception.
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As the old saying goes, you can't be cold at the top. Although the clever ancestors did not have aviation technology, they could infer that the snow on the summit of thousands of meters did not melt all the year round, not to mention the unfathomable and sunny moon.
! Its cold degree can be imagined! The title of Guanghan Palace is both appropriate and desolate and elegant.
A: In China's ancient people's cognition of the outside world, the high moon often attracted countless longings and conjectures. In particular, the legendary Guanghan Palace on the icy moon has become more and more "rich" in the imaginary world of generations of ancient people.
During the Song and Jin Dynasties, the rulers of the State of Jin modeled the legendary Guanghan Palace (which collapsed during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty) and built the famous "Guanghan Palace" on Qionghua Island in Beijing Beihai Park today. And the Lacquerware Fragments of Guanghan Palace in Yuan Dynasty unearthed from the site of Yuandadu in Houyingfang, Beijing, let us see the world of Guanghan Palace imagined by the ancients. On the exquisite design, the mist-filled three pavilions are cold and faint, and have been "cold" for hundreds of years.
Then the problem comes, although according to the calculation of modern scientists, the lowest temperature on the surface of the moon is often around-0/80 degrees. However, in ancient times when the scientific and technological conditions were backward, why did the ancients feel the "cold" of the moon and even imagined a "Guanghan Palace" out of thin air? This thing, you have to ask the unconstrained China ancient myth-in a dazzling array of ancient myths and legends, everything on the moon was "explained clearly" by the ancients in China.
For example, why did the ancients think the moon was "cold"? You can look at the "origin" of the moon in ancient China mythology. Huainanzi believes that the moon is "the cold of yin, the long water, and the essence of water vapor, which is the moon". This background is really "cold".
The same ancient myth in China not only explains why the moon is "cold", but also sets a set of rules for its movement: According to Shan Hai Jing, "Shiyi" is the god in charge of its movement. The Songs of the South tells us that the immortal who drives the moon is called "Uncle Wang" every day when the moon rises and falls by car. As for the "cold home" in Guanghan Palace, what is it like? According to the descriptions in Lingxian and Yi Tong of the Five Classics, there are not only beautiful Chang 'e and WU GANG who cut down trees, but also small animals such as Jade Rabbit and Toad. Even Wen Yiduo, a great poet of the Republic of China, came to join in the fun and wrote a bunch of "research results" for whether there were rabbits and toads in the Guanghan Palace.
This kind of myth and legend, of course, doesn't just stay in the words recorded in ancient books. On the contrary, it has evolved into various forms in different times: in the silk paintings of Han Dynasty in Mawangdui, Changsha, there are jade rabbits and toads under the moon, stone side plates in Tengzhou, Shandong, and even portraits of "rabbits tinkering with medicine". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the "rhinoceros full moon bronze mirror frame" moved the "Guanghan Palace" to the women's dressing table. There is also the "Blue and White Chang 'e Jade Rabbit Octagonal Plate" as a fine blue and white porcelain, which makes the Jade Rabbit Chang 'e in the "Guanghan Palace" present a scene of "happiness".
It can be said that the imagination of the "Guanghan Palace" on the moon runs through all aspects from classics to daily necessities in ancient China. Even in many well-known fairy tales, the love and hate of those "Jade Rabbit Chang 'e" have evolved in this way. And don't think that this myth is just imaginary. On the contrary, there are many scientific hypotheses. For example, there is a "divine judgment" about the moon in the collection of novels in the Tang Dynasty.
In the book, two literati traveling in Songshan accidentally bumped into a "moon man" in white, and then learned the big secret about the moon: the moon is not a disk at all, but a sphere, which is composed of "seven treasures". Not only is it uneven, but it doesn't shine itself. On the contrary, it is necessary to "shine on the sun", that is, to reflect the light of the sun. During the Tang Dynasty, this huge moon had to be repaired by "82,000 households". ...
Although the story of "82,000 moon people repairing the moon" in the novel is naturally impossible to verify. However, in a simple description, "the moon is composed of seven substances", "the surface is uneven" and "the sun shines" are highly consistent with the achievements of modern scientific research. Even these "secrets" of the moon were used by the ancients in China to compile novels early, knowing that the moon was "cold"? This is really a big deal.
Because, this kind of description, not only comes from the desire of China ancients to explore the world, but also comes from the tireless research and assumptions of ancient scientists from generation to generation. In the astronomical research of China, the moon has always been the most important thing. For example, the astronomical instrument "Hunyi", which represents the astronomical achievements of the Song Dynasty, is divided into three layers, namely, the inner layer and the outer layer, wherein each layer is marked with rings of three colors: yellow, white and red, and the "white ring" represents the position of the moon.
On the record of solar eclipse, ancient China has long been ahead of the world. As early as the end of the Western Han Dynasty, scholar Liu Xiang pointed out the scientific law of "eclipse, the moon will cover it". The truth that "the moon reflects sunlight" is not only written into the novel by Youyang Miscellanies, but also explained in simple terms in scientific classics such as Lingxian. The eclipse of the sun and the moon was not only recorded in detail in ancient China, but also had a clear "eclipse cycle" in historical records and three experiences. For example, in historical records, the "feeding cycle" is defined as 1 13 months. In the contemporary world, this is quite a remarkable achievement.
This achievement is not only a breakthrough in astronomy, but also of great practical significance in ancient life: the ancients studied the moon not only to satisfy their curiosity about the unknown world, but also for their immediate production and life. One of the most important is the measurement of tides. On the coastline of China 18000 km, the roaring tide is not only a magnificent landscape, but also a great threat to navigation and production for the ancient society with limited technology. But as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Chong, a scholar, revealed the law of tides: Tao rises and falls with the moon.
Study the tides? Want to "look at the moon"
Therefore, it is from the Han Dynasty, after generations of hard calculations and waves of tragic tidal disasters. The bright moon has finally become a breakthrough for the ancients in China to understand the mysteries of tides. During the Dali period of the Tang Dynasty, the scholar Dou initiated The Sea, and successfully calculated the tidal time according to the change of the moon with the advanced concept of "the moon and the sea push each other, and the sea and the moon phase", which is called "Dou Shi Tide Table". During the Northern Song Dynasty, Yan Su, a scientist, went further, not only inventing a new type of water lily leakage, but also writing Tide Theory to calculate tides. With the amazement of the Englishman Joseph Needham, he said, "How can it be so accurate? We don't know. "
From the Tang Dynasty to the Opium War, China people's understanding of tides has deepened from generation to generation. Groups of scientists can not only measure the laws of tides, but also record the ecological landscape of tides. Correspondingly, the "seawall" along the eastern coast of China developed vigorously, and the seawall in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province was still very strong during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. China's fleet, which has mastered the tidal laws, has set sail again and again on the ancient Maritime Silk Road. This is an outstanding achievement in the development of ancient science in China and ancient economic civilization in China.
And this series of changes began with "studying the moon". The ancient China people who looked up at the moon from generation to generation brought not only colorful unofficial history stories, but also great changes closely related to daily life. In the bright moonlight, the mysterious Guanghan Palace not only witnessed the rich imagination of the ancients, but also witnessed the great spirit of seeking.
References:
An Overview of Ancient Astronomical Achievements in China, Collection and Influence of Ancient Moon Myth by Qu Jiayuan, Chang 'e, Jade Rabbit and Guanghan Palace by Xing Peng, Song Zhenghai's Research on Ancient Ocean Tides in China, and Amy Emilie's Peeping into the Sky: Looking at Ancient Astronomical Observations in China.
Author: Our team Zhang Ying.
The ancient wrong science can spread to the present because the unscientific things have long been abandoned by history, and the rest are the essence.
Why did the ancients know that the moon was cold came from the ancient theory of syndrome differentiation of yin and yang, which was sunny during the day and cloudy at night. The temperature rises during the day because of the sun, and it is cold at night because there is no sun.
Moonlight at night is the same as feeling the temperature without moonlight, so the moon represents femininity. Feminine taste means cold.
The ancients liked to make up stories. There were many rules and regulations in ancient times, and they were afraid to say anything. Fabricate myths about what happened in real life to inspire and educate people, and at the same time play the role of entertainment. For example, butterfly lovers, immortal couple, etc. With the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon, Guanghan Palace came into being.