"The Analects of Confucius" records
"The Analects of Confucius" records that Liu Xiahui was a scholar in the state of Lu. This is a small official in charge of punishment, prison and litigation. At that time, the Lu royal family was in decline, and the government was in the hands of Zang Wenzhong and others. Liu Xia Huisheng had an upright nature and did not do anything to please people, so it was easy for him to offend powerful people. He was dismissed three times in a row, and he couldn't wait to achieve his goals. More than 100 years later, Confucius was still very angry when talking about this matter, saying, "Zang Wenzhong, who stole the throne? He knew that Liu Xiahui was a virtuous man and refused to stand up with him!" ("The Analects of Confucius, Duke Linggong of Wei") Although Liu Xiahui was repeatedly criticized Although he was suppressed and ostracized, his official career was delayed, but his moral knowledge was famous all over the world. Princes from all over the world were vying to hire him with high officials and generous salaries, but he rejected them one by one. Someone asked him why, and he replied: "If you serve people with a straight way, how can you go there without being deposed? If you serve people with a straight way, why go to the country of your parents?" ("The Analects of Confucius Wei Zi") It means that he is in Lu The reason why the country has been deposed repeatedly is because it adheres to the principles of life. If you persist, you will inevitably encounter the result of being deposed wherever you go; if you give up the principles of life, you can still get high-ranking officials and generous salaries in Lu. Then why bother leaving the hometown where I was born and raised?
"Guoyu" records
There are several clear records of Liu Xiahui's straightforward affairs in history books. "Guoyu·Lu Yushu" records: In the summer of the 26th year of Duke Xi of Lu (631 BC), Duke Xiao of Qi sent troops to attack the state of Lu. Zang Wenzhong asked Liu Xiahui how to phrase his words to make Qi state retreat. Liu Xiahui said, I heard that if a big country sets an example for a small country, and if a small country serves the big country well, it can prevent disasters. Now, as a small country, Lu is arrogant and arrogant, offending the big country, it is bringing disaster on itself, no matter how you word it. used. Liu Xiahui's words were equivalent to a blunt criticism of Zang's ruling behavior in Lu. Liu Xiahui had a younger brother named Zhan Xi, who was a doctor in Lu. Duke Xiao of Qi led the army to attack Lu. Duke Xi of Lu sent Zhan Xi to comfort the soldiers in order to prepare for the battle. When Liu Xiahui learned about it, he gave Zhan Xi some strategies and asked him to go to Qiying to meet Duke Xiao of Qi. Duke Xiao asked, "Aren't you scared because our army of Qi is approaching the country?" Zhan Xi smiled and said, "A villain will be afraid, but a gentleman will not be afraid!" Duke Xiao asked puzzledly why. Zhan Xi said, "According to the orders of the late kings. The first kings of Lu and Zhou Gong and the first kings of Qi, Taigong, both assisted King Cheng of Zhou. King Cheng once gave a letter of alliance, saying that the two countries of Qi and Lu would build harmony from generation to generation. Okay, you can't kill each other. Now the covenant is still hidden in the inner palace and recorded in the history books. Whenever a new king takes the throne, he must solemnly swear to never forget it. How can you forget this matter after you have only been on the throne for a few days? "Qi Xiaogong had nothing to say. He knew that he was in the wrong, so he had to withdraw his troops. The king of Qi State sent people to ask for the ancient treasure Cen Ding from Lu State. Duke Zhuang of Lu was reluctant to part with it, but he was afraid of offending the tyrannical and rude state of Qi, so he planned to pass it off with a fake tripod. But the people of Qi said: "We don't believe you, we only believe Liu Xiahui, who is famous for his sincerity and integrity. If he says that this tripod is real, we will rest assured." Duke Zhuang had no choice but to send someone to ask for Liu Xiahui. Liu Xiahui said: "Reputation is the only treasure in my life. If I tell lies, I will destroy my treasure. How can I protect your treasure at the expense of destroying mine?" Zhuang Gong was helpless. , and had no choice but to send the true tripod to Qi. "Guoyu" also records the story of Liu Xiahui criticizing Zang Wenzhong for sacrificing seabirds. A seabird named "Yanju" stayed outside the east gate of the capital of Lu for several days. Zang Wenzhong asked everyone in the capital to worship it. However, Liu Xiahui said that Zang's governance was simply chaotic. Sacrifice is an important system of the country, and system is the basis for successful governance. Therefore, regulations and systems regarding sacrifices must be carefully formulated, and these systems must be based on the sacrificial principles of the Holy King. The holy kings only sacrificed people and things that had contributed to the people and the country. Therefore, Zhu, Houtu, Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Yao, Shun, Gun, Yu... until Zhou Wen Wang, Zhou Wu Wang and so on, were able to be honored by descendants. In addition, the gods of land, grains and mountains, sages and virtuous people, the sun, moon and stars in the sky, the five elements on the earth, and the famous mountains, rivers and swamps of Kyushu should also be sacrificed. However, the seabird "Yanju" flew to the State of Lu. We still don't know why it flew there, and it may not have any merits for the people. So we decided to sacrifice it, which was really not a benevolent or wise move. Liu Xiahui guessed that the seabirds came to avoid disaster, and the facts proved that his guess was right. This incident not only illustrates Liu Xiahui's integrity as an official, but also shows his familiarity with the etiquette of the Holy King, which is why he is valued by Confucianism.
"Xiang Bo" records
The story of "sitting in the arms without chaos" has been widely known in China throughout the ages, and Liu Xiahui was therefore considered a model of observing traditional morals. Nowadays, people still use the words "Liu Xiahui" or "sitting in the arms calmly" to describe a man's decent style on gender issues. The saying "sitting in the arms without chaos" comes from the biography of Mao Heng in "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Xiang Bo". When Mao Heng commented on the poem "Xiang Bo", he told a story: There was a man in the state of Lu who lived alone in a room, and his neighbor was a widow who lived alone in a room. One night there was a storm and the widow's house was destroyed. The woman came to the man to ask for shelter. Men don't let women in. The woman said to him from the window: "Why don't you let me in?" The man said: "I heard that men and women cannot live together until they are sixty years old. I am still young now, and so are you, so I can't let you in." The woman said, "Why don't you, like Liu Xiahui, use your body to warm a woman who has no time to go out to avoid the cold, and others don't think he has done anything inappropriate?" The man said, "Liu Xiahui can open the door, so I can't." I should learn from Liu Xiahui's "opening the door" by my "not opening the door". This story shows that at the earliest in the Western Han Dynasty, there was a legend about Liu Xiahui's "not opening the door", but it was somewhat unclear. .
Records in "Chunzheng Mengqiu"
In the Yuan Dynasty, Hu Bingwen's "Chunzheng Mengqiu" further enriched the details of "sitting in peace": Liu Xiahui, a native of Lu, had a surname of Zhan Ming Qin once lived outside the capital gate at night when he was traveling far away. It was very cold at that time, and suddenly a woman came to stay. Liu Xiahui was afraid that she would freeze to death, so he let her sit in his arms and covered her with his clothes. Nothing happened until dawn the next day. The story about Liu Xiahui's undisturbed pregnancy circulated in later generations is roughly the same as this version.
Edit this paragraph to stay calm
Liuxia should be a place name. The remaining city walls we see now were built in the Eastern Han Dynasty. One of the buildings built in the Eastern Han Dynasty was called Liangfu City. At that time, this area was under the jurisdiction of the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. The fiefdom of Liu Xiahui was also within the scope of Liangfu City. Liu Xiahui's surname is not actually Liu. His surname is Zhan Mingqin, which is called Zhan Qin. Liuxia is his fief, and Liuxiahui is named after the place name. Over the past two thousand and seven hundred years, many people have been skeptical of this undisturbed story. Did such a beautiful legend really happen next to these weed-covered ruins? And what kind of character is Liu Xiahui? This is a stone statue of Liuxia Hui erected in Xiliu Village. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, this place was called Liuxia. Liuxia is a place name just like Gaixia in ancient times. Liu is the central word and "xia" is the modal particle. Since Xiliu Village and Liuxiahui's fiefdom are roughly in the same location, there are the most legends about Liuxiahui here. This custom was also passed down from the elders. We here particularly admire Liu Xiahui, especially the people in our village. To what extent do people in the village worship him? There are basically no fights between neighbors, and harmony between neighbors is maintained. In Xiliu Village, the villagers still maintain the custom of making and eating fried noodles on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month every year. This custom is of course related to Liu Xiahui. According to the villagers, June 6 of the lunar calendar is the birthday of Liu Xiahui's mother, and the only wheat that can be harvested and brought home around June 6 is the wheat in the fields. The villagers thought that they could only send some wheat to Liu Xiahui's mother for her birthday. Liu Xiahui was moved by this action. Liu Xiahui cried and said to the villagers, none of the people who came today can leave. You brought the wheat and I will fry some fried noodles with the wheat and eat mixed fried noodles together to celebrate the birthday of my old mother. Why is it called June Six Fried Noodles? Liu Xiahui's mother's birthday was a serious matter. When the neighbors came to celebrate her birthday, they had nothing else but fried noodles to celebrate her birthday. It is mixed by stirring, but there is a homonym for fried noodles on June 6th, which is the birthday of Liu Xiahui's mother. Mixing is stirred. Making fried noodles can lead to the folk proverb "business is done right", which shows that Liu Xiahui's way of being an official and a person is naturally very popular in the hearts of his hometown people. Even so, the story of "sitting in peace" may not necessarily have happened. Because such a legend is too perfect. In fact, from the time this story came to being spread, people have always been half-doubtful about its authenticity. In that specific environment, Liu Xiahui stayed overnight at Guomen. When staying in this place, it is entirely possible for a woman to come to stay and save her in other ways. , such as using a quilt or borrowing a fire somewhere else to keep warm.
Why did he have to use this method? It's puzzling. At that time, I thought there were only two of them, but neither of them said anything about it, so who did? There are indeed many doubts about this matter. Do these claims have any historical basis? If the story is false, why do people tie it to Liu Xiahui? Mr. Mao Zhulun came to Tai'an for the third time. This time he finally met the tombkeeper Shi Renqin. Why did Mao Zhulun, who was born in Sichuan, come to worship the holy tomb three times? Will there be answers in these inscriptions? Concurrent voice: This is also a true historical portrayal, the monument of Mao Shuyun, the father of the magistrate of Tai'an County, and his father's political stele. It turns out that the magistrate of Mao County who built the monument was Mao Shuyun, Mao Zhulun's great-grandfather. This is the real reason why Mao Zhulun came here. So why did a Qing Dynasty magistrate put so much effort into repairing the Holy Tomb of Harmony? If we compare Mao Shuyun’s historical background and his personal scheming with Liu Xiahui two thousand years ago, we will find that there are striking similarities. They all live in a troubled and turbulent society. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Mao Shuyun was invaded by foreign powers, the society was dark, and the Qing government was corrupt. Under such a political background, his political ideas were not taken seriously by those in power, and his ideas were not implemented. It seems that Mao Zhixian is still a very scheming person. He hopes that his move can bring a new trend of thought to the people of Xintai, that is, it can serve as a role model. Through the Xiuhe Holy Tomb in Maozhi County a hundred years ago, we can still feel that Liu Xiahui should have been a very influential figure in the Lu State in both thought and behavior 2,700 years ago. Shi Renqin's family has been guarding the tomb here for three generations. He said that since his grandfather started guarding the tomb, he took a fancy to the noble character of Hesheng Liu Xiahui. Villagers like Shi Renqin can also tell that Hesheng was a person who pursued peace and harmony in ancient times. So what was the code of conduct of Liu Xiahui who lived 2,700 years ago? And how is the idea of ??harmony reflected? From 770 to 221 BC, it was the Spring and Autumn and Warring States era in Chinese history. Liu Xiahui and Confucius were both from the Lu state of this era, and Liu Xiahui was a thinker more than a hundred years earlier than Confucius. Compared with many other powers, the Lu state was A weak country. There is a treasure in the state of Lu called Cen Ding. This Cen Ding is huge in shape and majestic. The body of the tripod is cast with exquisite patterns, which makes people feel awe-inspiring. The State of Lu regarded it as a national treasure. One year, the State of Qi launched a massive attack on the State of Lu. The State of Lu was too weak to resist Qi's attack, so the State of Qi took the opportunity to ask the State of Lu to offer a tripod to show its sincerity. The king of Lu State was really reluctant to part with this treasure. When he was in a dilemma, a minister of Lu State came up with an idea: Qi people have never seen Cen Ding, why don't we donate another tripod. The State of Lu wanted Liu Xiahui to present a fake tripod, because the King of Qi knew that Liu Xiahui was very honest and the most trustworthy person in the State of Lu, and had never told a lie in his life. Concurrent voice: Ma Peilin (former director of Xintai Museum) But Liu Xiahui said that the most important thing in dealing with people is credibility, and credibility is even more important in interactions between countries. I have regarded credibility as the only most important treasure in my life. Now you ask me to tell lies to protect your treasure. You are destroying my treasure to protect your treasure. You must not do this, and Liu Xiahui will I advise Lu Xigong that if you use this fake tripod to send it to someone else, the consequences will be serious if it is discovered. The fake tripod looked like a work of art to the naked eye. King Qi had indeed never seen the real tripod. At that time, Lu Xigong repeatedly begged Liu Xiahui, hoping that he would tell a lie during the national crisis. However, Liu Xiahui still said to the king of Lu, since you have agreed to give Cen Ding to Qi, this is a kind of Promises cannot be changed easily. After hearing these righteous words, the Lord of Lu knew that it was useless to continue talking, so he dedicated the real Cen Ding to the State of Qi. Liu Xiahui used practical actions to tell people: No matter what the circumstances, the foundation of being a human being is honesty and trustworthiness, and the credibility of a human being cannot be compared with any treasure. Later, I don’t know which dynasty or generation, Liu Xiahui’s cemetery became a treasured place for people to pray for peace; especially in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, whenever there was a drought to pray for rain, villagers would choose Hesheng Cemetery to hold rain praying ceremonies. They believe that Hesheng and Hesheng have the same pronunciation as Heshui, and Hesheng can control the river god. Therefore, every time there is a drought, the village will set up a stage in front of the tomb of Hesheng to sing operas. The purpose is to invite Liu Xiahui to go home and watch the opera. As soon as the favor arrives, praying for rain will surely come true. The practice of coming to Liuxiahui Cemetery to pray for rain every dry season has not continued to this day. People's lives have entered an era where they no longer rely on the sky for their livelihood.
More than two thousand years ago, Qin Shihuang, who finally unified the six kingdoms, also visited Xiliu Village after defeating the Qilu army. However, not a single ferocious Qin army soldier appeared around this lonely cemetery. It was because they did not discover He Sheng. Tomb or is there another reason? Concurrent voice: Ma Peilin (former director of Xintai Museum) When Qin Shihuang heard that Liu Xiahui’s tomb was located here, he immediately issued a death order to strictly protect Liu Xiahui’s tomb. In the Warring States policy, it is recorded that anyone who dared to go fifty steps to Liu Xiahui's tomb was killed without mercy. When the Qin State attacked and destroyed the six kingdoms and attacked various countries, it can be said that it was very harsh and cruel along the way. Using such words However, when they arrived at Liu Xiahui's tomb, things changed from normal and turned into another situation. According to this legend, Qin Shihuang and his soldiers did not appear in front of Hesheng's tomb. Is it because people of that era had a feeling of reverence for such a man of noble character, or were they afraid that the aura of Hesheng's tomb would hinder Qin's development? With the pace of the army's victory, future generations can only guess what the First Emperor's real thoughts were back then. More than 400 years before Qin Shihuang, Liu Xiahui was already a thinker known to all countries who admired virtue and etiquette throughout his life. One thing is certain, Hesheng also has a high status in the heart of Qin Shihuang, a monarch with great ambitions. The story of Liu Xiahui's calm pregnancy also seems to tell people that the focus here is to reflect Liu Xiahui's character rather than his behavior. The paper-cut paintings of "Sitting in Peace and Mindfulness" created by Xintai paper-cutting artist Tian Xiaoming show a new interpretation of "Sitting in Mind and Mindfulness" from another perspective. Concurrent voice: (Tian Xiaoming folk paper-cut artist) It was raining heavily and he wanted to avoid it. When he went to the temple, he happened to meet a woman. The woman was naked and half-naked, twisting her clothes. When he saw it, he immediately avoided it, and then He hid under the locust tree. Liu Xiahui evaded twice. Once he ran to the temple to take shelter from the rain. When he saw a woman inside, naked and twisting her clothes that were soaked by the rain, Liu Xiahui immediately evaded the second time and ran away. After leaving the small temple and taking shelter under a locust tree, this version becomes Liu Xiahui sitting under the locust tree without any panic. The love in the story becomes the locust tree, which prevents Liu Xiahui from having physical contact with the woman. This way of avoiding questions reflects the quality of Hesheng. As we continued to search, experts pointed out this story It seems to be a fabrication by later generations. The most prominent doubtful point is the small temple that provides shelter from the rain, because 2,700 years ago, no real temple existed. In Tai'an, we met Liu Mingrui, a descendant of the Liu family who specializes in the study of Liu Xiahui. He showed us various historical materials describing the incident of Liu Xiahui sitting still in her arms. Many of the historical materials are derived from "Confucius Family Sayings" ——Hao Sheng" describes that bizarre story. Since Confucius and Liu Xiahui lived very close to each other, Confucius’ family language specifically mentions that Liu Xiahui used his body to save the woman under the city gate, but the Chinese people can believe that he was not an adulterer, which greatly increases the credibility of this story. . Concurrent voice: (Ma Dongying, Secretary General of Liu Xiahui Research Institute) Confucius highly respected and was very familiar with Liu Xiahui. It should be said that his evaluation of Liu Xiahui's behavior did not necessarily have a very accurate basis. In Confucius' time, Liu Xiahui's undisturbed state of mind was well known to everyone and was confirmed by Confucius. There is no doubt about this. [2] In 720 BC, the Central Plains of China was in the historical Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. In a place called Liuxia in the State of Lu, which is today Liu Village in Xintai, Shandong Province, a baby boy was born, named Zhan Qin. Since the boy later became a scholar-bureaucrat in the state of Lu, and his fiefdom was named Liuxia, later generations began to call him Liuxiahui. Liu Xiahui, who served as an official in the weak state of Lu, never told a lie in his life. He devoted his life to using morality and etiquette to regulate social order and promote social harmony. He was called the Saint of Harmony by Mencius 200 years later. So whether the legendary extreme incident between men and women is true or false, it is naturally easy for the world to accept that it happened to Liu Xiahui, a saint at the time.