Left-behind children refer to children who are left behind in their hometown and cared for by their relatives because their parents can't take them with them when they go out to work, and live and live separately from their parents for a long time. [1] In the families of left-behind children, parents have to go out to work in cities to support their families, but they have to leave their children at home because they can't afford the high cost of living in cities. Left-behind children in the growth and development period are more vulnerable to external influences and injuries because they have been separated from their parents for a long time and lack the necessary emotional communication, ideological guidance and concept shaping.
First, the analysis of the status quo of left-behind children in rural areas
(A) the types of guardians of left-behind children in rural areas
Left-behind children in rural areas can't take care of themselves because their parents go out to work, so they can only be entrusted to grandparents and other relatives to take care of them. Some parents are not around the left-behind children. Children like this are called completely left-behind children. They generally rely on the guardianship of grandparents or relatives. Some parents stay at home and take care of their children. Children like this are called semi-left-behind children and are generally supervised by one parent.
(2) Contact between left-behind children and their parents
Because parents have been working outside for a long time, they can't communicate with their children, so they can only communicate by phone or online. However, the Internet has not been widely used in rural areas, and there are only a handful of left-behind children who have contact with their parents. Even if there are, their parents are more related to the material level and less related to education, psychology and spirit.
(C) the basic situation of left-behind children receiving education
The survey shows that parents' going out to work has different degrees of influence on the study and life of left-behind children, but it is more negative. Parents have been away for a long time. Due to the long-term barrier of time and distance, the supervision and supervision of parents are declining, and the left-behind children's learning consciousness is not high, which will lead to no motivation, no goal and even weariness of learning. However, a small number of left-behind children can understand their parents' hardships and want to change their destiny through learning. However, left-behind children are generally not enthusiastic about learning, lack of self-confidence and poor self-cognitive ability, which is generally lower than that of non-left-behind children.
Second, the education of left-behind children in rural areas
Psychological aspects
The formation of healthy psychology needs a good family atmosphere and a harmonious living and learning environment. However, left-behind children lack communication and communication with their parents, lack care, and dare not express their true thoughts and inner feelings to the outside world, gradually forming their sense of loneliness and inferiority. [2] Some left-behind children have not been cared for by their relatives for a long time, and gradually become indifferent and selfish. They are indifferent to their families, and their parents even only play the role of "cash machine" in life. Therefore, children who grow up in this environment are passive and pessimistic, and are prone to have distorted psychology of hating others and society, which makes them influenced by wrong world outlook and values when they understand and solve problems, and is prone to narrow understanding and radical action.
(2) Morality
Left-behind children have been separated from their parents for a long time, lacking parental discipline, unable to feel their parents' care and love in emotion and life, and lacking due theoretical guidance in the formation of values, ideological and moral shaping, and behavioral norms. In addition, intergenerational education itself has many disadvantages, focusing only on material life satisfaction and ignoring ideological and moral education. Due to the particularity of rural education environment, left-behind children are prone to bad behavior in ideological and moral habits. Coupled with adolescent rebellion, left-behind children are easy to let themselves go, disobey discipline, violate school rules and regulations, indulge in the internet, and even embark on the road of illegal crimes. Zuo's survey found that 13% of left-behind children usually have the habit of lying; 15% people have had bad behaviors such as stealing money, destroying public property, smoking and drinking; According to the statistics of relevant departments, the proportion of left-behind children among juvenile offenders in recent years is about 20%. Left-behind children are in a critical period of physical and mental growth. If parents, schools and society can't give correct guidance and help, they will easily deviate from their world outlook, outlook on life and values, and even embark on the road of illegal crimes.
(3) Academic aspects
A good family and social environment is necessary for children in the golden age of learning, which can make them pay more attention to learning and make continuous progress. However, due to the lack of effective supervision and discipline by parents, it is difficult for left-behind children to form good study habits, and students often fail to complete homework assigned by teachers, play truant, fight and drop out of school. According to the survey results of Houguanzhuang in Henan Province in 20 13, the enrollment rate of left-behind children aged 0/4 in rural areas is only 85%, and the proportion of left-behind students is high among junior high school dropouts. 60.4% of the students got below average and poor grades, and only 9% got excellent grades. It is particularly noteworthy that some left-behind children are tired of learning and become a new group of dropouts. According to a sample survey of eight rural junior high schools in Zhumadian City, Henan Province, the results of the first semester final examination of 32 classes in grade 20 12 to 20 13 show that there is a great difference between left-behind children and non-left-behind children. The average excellent rate of left-behind children's academic performance is only 5.2%, while that of non-left-behind children is as high as 20.8%. The gap between left-behind children and non-left-behind children in academic performance shows that children of this age have not yet formed a sense of learning, and are in the best stage of gradually forming independent personality, good personality and correct outlook on life and values. Therefore, the care and supervision of parents is an important prerequisite for children to make progress in their studies.
Third, the factors affecting the education of left-behind children
family factors
Parents are the first teachers of the children. Family education has started since the birth of children, and it is the first stop for children's education. Parents' behavior and living habits have a subtle influence on children, so family education is the longest and most profound education for children in this life. Parents' vision, knowledge, ideas and behavior habits often play an important role in the education of the next generation and have a certain influence on the formation of children's values, good behavior habits and principles, so family factors play a very important role in children's education. For left-behind children, they have been separated from their parents for a long time, and the lack of parental care and family education is extremely harmful to their growth, which is not conducive to the healthy growth of left-behind children and even leads to their imperfect personality. Parents have little time and no time to accompany their children, and then it is very harmful to adopt a laissez-faire and undisciplined education method. Parents pay more attention to their children's material life and neglect their spiritual communication, which has a great adverse effect on their physical and mental health and character formation. Left-behind children, without exception, want to have a complete family. The greatest desire of left-behind children is contradictory to their parents' pursuit of going out to work, which undoubtedly has a negative impact on their psychology and emotion objectively.
(B) School factors
If education is compared to a pulley, the axis is family education, which plays a vital role in the whole education process; The middle layer is school education, which is the iron ball to undertake the axis and the outer ring; [3] The outer ring is the key to social education and the normal operation of the pulley. This shows the importance of school education. In the traditional rural culture of China, the school is the center of spreading culture and has a very important position, while the teachers are rural intellectuals. For villagers, the school is not only a place for children to receive formal education, but also a place for children to improve their own quality, and a ladder for children to leave the land and farmers' identity and change their destiny in the future. But at present, in our rural areas, the conditions for running schools in primary and secondary schools are still very poor. Hardware facilities are rudimentary, teachers are relatively weak, and teachers' teaching resources are still in short supply. Some primary and secondary schools only offer basic cultural courses, but there are few teachers in ideological and moral courses, art courses, music courses and physical education class. It is impossible for students to develop morally, intellectually, physically, aesthetically and laboriously. Most schools only attach importance to students' cultural lessons and engage in exam-oriented education, ignoring the education of left-behind children's physical and mental health and moral quality.
(3) Social factors
There are many factors affecting the education of left-behind children, mainly including school, society and family factors. Because left-behind children are generally taken care of by guardians of different generations, many elderly people follow the way they took care of their children when they were young. They only care about their children's food and clothing. Moreover, some of these old people are weak, some are busy with farm work, and they don't have more physical strength and energy to better take care of left-behind children, let alone understand and communicate their study, life and psychology. Therefore, some left-behind children's bad habits will gradually form, parents are completely unaware, and need the supervision of the school society. According to relevant data analysis, left-behind children spend more time and energy surfing the Internet and playing games. Some of them even go to Internet cafes in cut class, and these black Internet cafes know that they are minors. Instead of stopping them, they acquiesce, that is, indulge left-behind children in the online world. This requires the relevant social departments to strengthen supervision and create a good learning environment for left-behind children. This is not only related to the healthy growth of left-behind children, but also related to the reform and development of rural education.
Fourth, the countermeasures for the education of left-behind children.
The social phenomenon of left-behind children is the focus of social attention in recent years, which has aroused widespread concern of sociologists and experts. Complex social, economic and family internal reasons are the main reasons for the left-behind children. Because of these complicated reasons, the solution to this problem should be adjusted according to the actual reasons in various places.
(A) to make up for the lack of family education
Compared with normal children, left-behind children lack the warmth of their families, and they need guidance from all sides. Parents are children's first teachers, and their words and deeds have a subtle influence on children. Therefore, parents must establish a correct educational concept and attach importance to education, which directly affects children's learning motivation and learning effect. In addition, parents should also weigh the relationship between going out to work and educating their children. For each generation of guardians, the concept should be changed. Children are important, but they should not be overindulged. Overindulgence will only hurt children. Guardians should also communicate with children more, understand their psychology and avoid the blank of emotional communication.
(2) Give full play to the professionalism of school education.
School education has always played a leading role in the education of left-behind children, and schools are places where children's problems can be found in time. Once schools find problems, they should get in touch with their parents in time, and under certain conditions, strengthen school education to make up for the lack of family education, so that left-behind children can get all-round development in school even without family education.
(3) Strengthen social education
Solving the problem of left-behind children is not achieved overnight. It requires the efforts of schools and families, as well as the cooperation and strengthening of social education. The influence of regulating society in the process of education is obvious. Under certain social norms, it is beneficial for left-behind children to form positive and healthy values. Therefore, we must create a positive social culture, which requires the joint efforts of all sectors of society.
In short, the solution to the problem of left-behind children needs the joint efforts of all sectors of society. Family, school and society should work together, do their duty, communicate in time, create a good environment together, form a strong institutional guarantee, and ensure the healthy growth of left-behind children.
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