The main contents of geological work include basic geological survey, mineral resources exploration, hydrogeological engineering geological environment geological exploration and related geological science research. Basic geological survey is the basis of other investigation and research work.
From a professional point of view, regional geological work lies in the understanding, analysis and countermeasures of geological conditions in the working area; The methodological work of regional materialization and remote control focuses on the specification and collection of technical method parameters; The focus of mineral exploration is the use of prospecting projects, the rationality of setting up and the reliability of resource estimation; The focus of scientific research is the proposal and design of research ideas; The focus of database construction and software development is demand analysis: the focus of soft science of geological work is the collection of basic information, the determination of ideas and the influence on macro-decision.
I. Basic Geological Survey
Geological mapping is the most basic, universal and commonly used working method in all geological work. In the selected area, a comprehensive basic geological survey is carried out with geological mapping as the basic means. Regional geological survey is the first step and basic work of geological work, which has important strategic significance. Its main task is to find out the basic geological characteristics of rocks, strata, structures, landforms, hydrogeology and geochemistry in the region and their relationships through geological mapping, prospecting and comprehensive research, and to study the formation conditions and distribution laws of minerals, so as to provide basic geological data and scientific basis for national construction, scientific research and further geological prospecting.
The purpose of basic geological survey is to investigate the present situation of the crust (lithosphere), trace back the history of the earth, explore the deep part of the earth, and study the formation and evolution of the earth. Due to the progress of science and technology and the continuous improvement of human understanding, this work is a regular, persistent and basic geological work, which is the "root" of all geological work and provides support for other professional geological work. Many years of geological work practice shows that the geological work foundation of other majors without basic geological survey is unstable.
Basic geological survey has the characteristics of regional work (field), interdisciplinary and multi-method integration, which generally shows the geological significance of different geological units.
At present, the basic geological survey includes regional geology, regional minerals (heavy sand, occurrence inspection and anomaly evaluation), regional geochemistry (primary halo, secondary halo and radioactivity), regional geophysics (magnetic method, gravity method, electrical method and earthquake), regional hydrogeology and regional environmental geology (geological disasters).
The work scope of regional geological survey is generally divided by latitude and longitude, or according to the requirements of work tasks. In terms of working methods, it is a scanning survey with different accuracy (route and survey line); The main working method is geological mapping of different majors. According to different work purposes and requirements, it can be divided into small (1:1:500,000) and medium (1:250,000 or1:200,000, 1: 65438) according to the degree of detail. Generally, a small-scale regional geological survey is conducted in the same area first, and then a large-scale or large-scale regional geological survey is conducted. Under special circumstances, according to actual needs, medium-scale or large-scale geological surveys can be directly carried out in selected areas.
Basic geological survey is a direct combination of investigation and scientific research. It is not a mechanical "running route", but a dialogue with the earth with people's thinking and understanding. In the whole investigation process, first, always observe, study and collect all kinds of information; The second is to analyze and process a large amount of data and information, and the labor and workload it pays are often hidden. In basic geological survey, the time for field investigation, data collection and research is about 1 ∶ 1 ~ 3.
The results of basic geological survey are the representatives of geological work results, and their information characteristics are the most obvious. Its direct results are geological survey reports and a series of data and maps.
Second, mineral resources exploration.
The exploration of mineral resources is to find out the resources that can be used by human beings, find out the types, quality, quantity and development and utilization conditions of minerals, make technical and economic evaluation and application prospect demonstration, and provide all geological exploration materials needed for national planning and mine construction. That is to say, the scope of prospecting and evaluation can range from a mineralization to a specific deposit or ore body.
The characteristics of mineral resources exploration are different from the scanning work in regional geological survey, which mainly focuses on point operation and evaluates the region through the collection of points. In mineral exploration, geological mapping, geophysical and geochemical exploration, remote sensing geology and other methods should be adopted, and technical means such as drilling, sampling, testing, reserve calculation and technical and economic evaluation should be applied, which requires a lot of capital investment.
Mineral resources exploration can be divided into regional mineral investigation and evaluation (metallogenic prediction, prospect investigation and potential evaluation), pre-investigation, general survey, detailed investigation and exploration (including infrastructure exploration and production exploration) according to different working stages. The survey and evaluation of mineral resources in the outline of land and resources survey mainly focus on regional mineral prospect survey and potential evaluation, pre-survey and general survey; It is deployed in the metallogenic belt and concentrated mineralization area, focusing on the surface, seeking points in the surface and taking points in the surface to achieve point breakthrough. In this way, the potential of regional mineral resources can be evaluated.
Mineral resources exploration needs comprehensive means such as geology, geophysical exploration, geochemical exploration, remote sensing and prospecting engineering. Through different methods and step-by-step work in different stages, the understanding and judgment of mineral resources are deepened and adjusted continuously, thus roughly describing the output state of underground and surface concealed mineral resources.
Geology, geophysics, geochemistry, remote sensing and drilling have different roles and proportions in the practical work of exploration projects (metals and nonmetals, coal, oil and natural gas) in different regions and at different stages.
The investigation and evaluation of regional minerals are mainly based on the work in the region, and the prediction and potential evaluation of mineralization are mainly based on the research and analysis of indoor data, but there must be corresponding field investigations. Pre-investigation is to know the prospect of mineral resources in the pre-investigation area, carry out geochemical and geophysical exploration, and generally do not build drilling and heavy mountain projects (tunnels); Surface engineering (trench exploration and soil stripping) is also limited, but a certain number of samples must be analyzed. The purpose of the general survey is to make a preliminary assessment of areas with great mineralization potential. According to the current specification, only feasibility study is needed, and sparse engineering control is needed. A large number of prospecting projects are ground projects (trench exploration and well exploration), supplemented by a small amount of drilling workload. Detailed investigation and exploration are controlled by systematic engineering, and feasibility study is needed to provide basic data for the development and utilization planning of mineral deposits and mine design. A lot of physical workload is drilling engineering, supplemented by exploratory trench, exploratory well and tunnel.
The concrete results of mineral exploration at different levels are the resources and reserves of mineral resources, which are expressed and displayed in words and charts. Mineral exploration projects with different stages and properties have different achievement requirements, so it is impossible to ask for achievements across stages, and not all mineral exploration projects will get ideal results. This is the risk of mineral exploration and the challenge of geological work.
Three. Hydraulic environmental geological exploration
Hydrogeology, engineering geology and environmental geological exploration are different in survey content, object and service purpose, and are carried out on the basis of regional geological survey and regional hydrogeological survey.
Hydrogeological exploration takes the search for groundwater as the main object, finds out the burial conditions of groundwater and the water-rich degree of each aquifer (group), delineates the range of water-rich areas with the prospect of centralized water supply, basically finds out the recharge, runoff and discharge conditions and distribution law of groundwater, calculates and evaluates the amount of groundwater resources, demonstrates the influence of development and utilization conditions and mining on the geological environment, and basically finds out the hydrochemical composition and temporal and spatial variation law of groundwater. According to different purposes, it can be divided into comprehensive hydrogeological exploration and professional hydrogeological exploration. Comprehensive hydrogeological exploration is to grasp the hydrogeological conditions of a region or region and provide basic data for industrial and agricultural construction and development. Professional hydrogeological exploration is an investigation to solve a practical problem related to groundwater in production, such as hydrogeological investigation of water supply, hydrogeological investigation of mineral deposits, hydrogeological investigation of soil improvement, etc.
Environmental geological exploration is mainly to investigate and study various geological problems and disasters caused by the interaction between human economic activities and geological environment, with the aim of serving the prevention and control of geological disasters and environmental protection. Regional environmental geological survey is to investigate and study the basic environmental geological conditions, environmental geological problems and geological disasters in the constituent areas by taking a certain scale of environmental geological mapping as the main way, and make corresponding analysis and evaluation, so as to provide geological environment basis for regional economic development and environmental protection, find out the environmental geological problems and geological disasters caused by the interaction between geological environment and human activities in the work area, evaluate their impact on human survival and development, and serve regional development and environmental protection.
Engineering geological exploration is to provide engineering geological basis for engineering construction, town planning, comprehensive utilization of land, industrial and agricultural layout, environmental protection and remediation, evaluate engineering geological conditions, and put forward specific opinions and suggestions according to existing problems. Provide regional engineering geological data for planning, site selection and feasibility study of various engineering construction projects; It provides basic geological basis for all kinds of engineering construction, large-scale engineering geological exploration and the in-depth development of special engineering geology. The main content of the work is to investigate the landform types, genetic types and their formation ages, the lithologic characteristics of various rocks and soils, the characteristics and ages of geological structures, the regional stability evaluation of neotectonic movements and earthquakes, hydrogeological conditions and various external dynamic geological phenomena.
The characteristics of water conservancy environmental geological exploration are the combination of regional work and point work, which is dynamic work. Groundwater work is deployed in groundwater basin or economic zone (administrative zone), which is closely related to basic geological conditions. In terms of working methods, there are not only scanning surveys (routes and survey lines) with different accuracy, but also the concept of scale, partial surveys and dynamic monitoring. The physical workload is mainly reflected in the length of the route and survey line and the amount of engineering construction.
Four, other geological work
Other geological work mainly includes:
First, the research work of geological science and technology, mainly including basic theoretical research, applied research and technical method research, is exploratory and uncertain, and has the characteristics of general geological work and general scientific research;
The second is geological information work, mainly including geological database construction (retrospective and timely), software development, software application and data processing, which is characterized by the application of computers to process a large number of data.