1, China's national character (p4)
China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.
2. At present, the population in China includes (p4)
Workers, peasants, intellectuals and other socialist laborers, builders of the socialist cause, patriots who support socialism and patriots who support the reunification of the motherland.
Please note that China citizens who do not belong to the people of China are:
Criminals deprived of political rights
② Foreigners with China nationality.
(3) people who split the country.
(4) Hostile forces and hostile elements who are hostile to and undermine the socialist system.
People are the masters of the country and society. (p4)
(Performance of master status: equal right to enjoy state and social affairs)
4. What is civil rights? What are the basic rights of citizens? (p5)
Civil rights refer to certain rights and interests recognized and granted to citizens by the Constitution and laws.
Because the civil rights stipulated in the constitution are the most important and basic rights of citizens, they are called the basic rights of citizens.
5. What are the similarities and differences between people and citizens? Who are our citizens? (Page 6)
People is a political concept, which has different class contents in different countries and different historical periods of the same country.
Citizen is a legal concept, which refers to a person who has the nationality of a country and enjoys rights and obligations according to the constitution and laws of that country.
China citizen: You must have China nationality to be considered as a citizen of China. (Some super-born China people don't have China nationality and can't be considered as China citizens. )
6. How are the rights of China citizens guaranteed (p7)?
China has established a rights protection system with the Constitution as the core and legislative and judicial guarantees as the main contents to protect citizens' rights.
Legislative guarantee: it is to confirm the rights of citizens in the form of law and safeguard them with the coercive power of the state.
Judicial guarantee: it refers to punishing all kinds of infringement by law and protecting citizens' rights.
7. What are the basic rights of China citizens? (p9)
The basic rights of citizens involve politics, economy, culture and other fields, covering family life, school life, social life and many other aspects. Specifically, it includes: ① the right to equality; ② Political rights and freedoms; ③ Freedom of religious belief; (4) personal freedom; ⑨ ...
Constitution is the confirmation and guarantee of citizens' basic rights. )
8. Should citizens exercise their rights correctly in this way? (p 10 - 1 1)
Citizens should respect the rights of others when exercising their rights.
(2) When exercising their rights, citizens shall not harm the interests of the state, society and the collective.
(3) Exercise rights within the scope permitted by law.
(4) exercising rights according to law.
9. How to exercise the right to freedom of speech (P 1 1 page)
First of all, citizens should not use freedom of speech to insult or slander others.
Second, citizens are not allowed to use freedom of speech to instigate or incite others to commit acts that endanger national security, undermine national unity, corrupt social morality and disrupt social order.
10, citizens' obligations are divided into legal obligations and moral obligations. What is a legal obligation? What are the basic obligations of China citizens stipulated in the Constitution? (p 16)
The citizen's obligation stipulated in our constitution is a legal obligation and a basic obligation of our citizens. Statutory obligations refer to the obligations that citizens must fulfill as stipulated by the Constitution and laws. (The specific content is recorded in the textbook, with 6 articles in total)
1 1. What is moral obligation? What is the function of moral obligation? What are the basic moral standards that China citizens must abide by? (p 17)
It means that social members consciously and voluntarily assume moral responsibilities to others and society in accordance with social ethics. Patriotism and law-abiding, courtesy and honesty, unity and friendship, diligence and self-improvement, dedication and dedication.
12. Why do citizens have to fulfill their obligations while enjoying their rights? (Page 14- 15)
We can't get it without paying, and we can't just enjoy the rights without fulfilling the obligations. We must fulfill our legal obligations, because this is stipulated by the Constitution and laws. In our country, the rights and obligations of citizens are the same. Each of us is not only the subject of enjoying rights, but also the subject of fulfilling obligations.
13. What is the relationship between China law and socialist morality? (p 19.d 1)
China's law and socialist morality cooperate with each other, promote each other and complement each other. All acts prohibited by law are condemned by socialist morality; There are many legal obligations, which are also the requirements of socialist morality.
14, how to faithfully perform obligations?
We actively do what the law encourages us to do.
We must do it according to the requirements of the law.
We are determined not to do what is forbidden by law.
Second unit
1. What is the right of personality? (page 25)
Personality right is the right to be a man.
2. What does the personality right contain? What are their characteristics? (page 25)
(1) material personality right (right to life and health)
(2) the right of spiritual personality (freedom, name, portrait, reputation and privacy)
3. What is the primary personality right? (p25d.2)
Among the citizens' personality rights, the right to life and health occupies the primary position.
4. Characteristics of personality right (P24,25)
Personality right is the premise for people to connect themselves with society and have various contacts and exchanges with others.
(2) The right of personality is accompanied by life, and it has been with us since birth.
(3) It is enjoyed by everyone alone, and cannot be transferred, abandoned or inherited, nor can it be illegally restricted by others, nor can it be divorced from our personal life.
5. What does the right to personal freedom include? (page 26)
Answer: ① Within the scope permitted by law, the person and will of citizens are completely at their own disposal.
(2) citizens' bodies shall not be searched illegally.
(3) Citizens' bodies are not illegally restricted.
(4) Citizens' bodies shall not be illegally detained.
6. What are the special protections for minors in China's laws? (p26.d2)
A: ① Chinese laws prohibit maltreatment and abandonment of minors, and prohibit infant drowning and abandonment.
(2) employers are prohibited from illegally recruiting minors under the age of 16.
③ It is forbidden to arrange underage workers (workers who have reached the age of 16 but not reached the age of 18) to engage in underground, toxic and harmful labor.
7. What laws in China protect citizens' right to life and health? (page 27)
A: Constitution, Criminal Law, General Principles of Civil Law and Public Security Administration Punishment Law.
8. What laws specifically protect minors?
Law on the Protection of Minors and Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency
9. What are the ways for citizens to exercise their right to health? (page 28)
A: ① We have the right to cherish life, maintain health, actively exercise and improve our health level, so that we can have a strong body and a high spirit.
(2) Have the right to receive timely treatment when sick, restore health and enhance physical fitness.
(3) When one's life and health are illegally infringed upon by others, one has the right to defend oneself in accordance with the law and request legal protection.
10. What does the right to personal dignity include? (page 35)
Right to reputation, portrait, name, privacy, life and health, freedom, etc.
1 1, meaning and expression of reputation right (P38)
The right of reputation is the right that people enjoy according to law to evaluate their own objective society and exclude others' infringement.
Mainly manifested as: the right to control reputation interests and the right to maintain reputation.
12. What are the acts that infringe on the right of reputation? (Pages 38 and 39)
(1) Insult: refers to the act of degrading personality and damaging the reputation of others by language, writing or violence, which can be divided into oral insult, written insult and violent insult.
(2) Defamation: refers to the act of fabricating and spreading false facts out of nothing and maliciously slandering others, which can be divided into verbal slander and literal slander.
(3) The news report is untrue.
4 false accusation.
13. What is the right to portrait? (40 pages)
Portrait is the reappearance of human image centered on appearance.
14. What are the representations of portraits? (40 pages)
Painting (selfie), sculpture, paper cutting, photography, video recording, etc.
15. What is the status of portraits? (40 pages)
Portrait is also the basic symbol of everyone's personality.
16. What does the right to portrait include? (p4 1)
Portrait rights include: the right to make portraits, the right to use them and the right to get paid.
17. What are the violations of portrait rights? (p4 1.d2)
(1) Anyone who uses citizen portraits (advertisements, magazine covers, calendars) for profit must obtain the consent of the portrait owner, otherwise it will constitute infringement.
(2) maliciously destroying, defacing or uglifying the portrait of a citizen.
(3) Personal attacks with portraits, etc.
18. What is the right to name? (page 43)
The right to name refers to the right of citizens to decide, use and change their own names according to law, as well as the right to exclude others' infringement.
Adults aged 18 have the right to decide their own names; Have the right to decide and use their own names, pen names and stage names; Have the right to change the name according to regulations. However, the name right of minors and mental patients shall be exercised by their guardians.
19. What are the contents of a person's name? What is the status of names? (page 43)
(Contents) Names include official names, former names, pen names and stage names.
Name is the basic symbol of everyone's personality.
20. What are the manifestations of infringement of the right to name? (44 pages)
2 1, the meaning of privacy (P46)
Privacy refers to private secrets that citizens do not want to be known or made public, and has nothing to do with public interests. It includes three aspects: private information, personal affairs and private space (P46).
22. Importance (necessity) of privacy protection (pages 46 and 47)
(1). It is the need of people's independence and freedom. It is the need of people's own peace and security. It is the need of building a modern society that is people-oriented and advocates humanity and individuality.
23, the meaning of privacy (P48)
The right to privacy refers to the right that citizens enjoy in private life and privacy of private information according to law. China laws protect citizens' right to privacy.
24. Privacy Content (p48-50)
(1) Right to privacy (2) Right to privacy of personal information (3) Right to privacy of private communication.
25. How should we respect the privacy of others? (p5 1-52)
(1) Establish privacy awareness
Understand that everyone is an independent individual and everyone has their own privacy. Don't interfere in other people's private affairs, don't pry into or spread other people's secrets, and correct the bad habit of not respecting other people's privacy.
Strengthen the sense of responsibility and credibility
(2) Need to strengthen the sense of responsibility and credibility, and keep secrets for relatives and friends.
A manifestation of invasion of privacy
26. What are the violations of privacy? (p53)
Spying into other people's private lives, spying into other people's secrets by reading diaries and opening letters privately, spreading other people's privacy through hearsay, and illegally using other people's personal information. , all belong to invasion of privacy.
27, the method of protecting their privacy (p55)
(1) Protect the right to privacy according to law.
When the right to privacy is infringed, we should bravely take up legal weapons, negotiate with the infringer and ask for judicial protection, asking the infringer to stop the infringement and apologize; If you have caused great mental pain, you have the right to ask for mental compensation.
(2) Enhance self-protection awareness and lock your privacy.
Ways of legal protection P55 The infringer stops the infringement, apologizes, eliminates the influence and demands mental compensation.
Geography: five chapters:
1, there are many different types of geographical areas, some are natural areas, such as the Pearl River Delta; Some are economic zones, such as industrial zones; Some are administrative districts, such as Xizang Autonomous Region. The same geographical area may have multiple identities at the same time.
2. According to the different geographical location, natural and human geographical features, China can be divided into four geographical regions, namely, northern region, southern region, northwest region and Qinghai-Tibet region. Among them, Qinling Mountain and Huaihe River are the dividing lines between the northern region and the southern region.
3. There are obvious differences in topography, climate, river flow and vegetation types between the north and the south of China. Affected by the natural environment, people in the north and the south also have great differences in production methods, living habits and cultural traditions.
Comparison of differences between south and north of China:
Qinling-North of Huaihe River-Qinling-South of Huaihe River Comparison Project
1 (higher/lower than 0) The monthly average temperature is lower than 0 and higher than 0.
The annual precipitation is small.
The main terrain is dominated by plains and plateaus, and plains, basins, plateaus and hills crisscross.
Vegetation type temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest
The river flow is small and large.
Farming system: one crop a year or three crops a year or two crops a year.
Cultivated upland paddy field
Cereal crops wheat and rice
Traditional means of transportation, carriages and boats
Traditional sports include skiing, skating, dragon boat racing and swimming.
4. The topography of northwest China is mainly plateaus and basins. The eastern part is dominated by grassland and desert landscape; There is a large area of desert in the western basin; Only rare oases appear at the edge of the basin. All these show that the northwest region is a region with drought as its main natural feature.
5. Qinghai-Tibet region is a unique region because of its high terrain, and another obvious natural feature that comes with "high" is "cold".
6. Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet are the main pastoral areas in China. Inner Mongolia is mainly temperate grassland pasture; Xinjiang is mainly mountainous pasture; Qinghai and Tibet are mainly alpine pastures. Three rivers and three cows in Inner Mongolia, fine wool sheep in Xinjiang, yak in Qinghai-Tibet, Tibetan sheep and Tan sheep in Ningxia are all famous livestock breeds.
7. In addition to animal husbandry, people in northwest China also use river water and meltwater from alpine snow and ice to develop irrigated agriculture.
Chapter VI:
1. Beijing is the political and cultural center of the whole country and the center of international exchanges. The Great Hall of the People is the seat of the NPC Standing Committee, and Zhongnanhai is the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council.
2. The urban pattern of the Forbidden City in Beijing is "convex", which is the representative work of the planning and construction of China's historical capitals.
There are countless places of interest in Beijing, such as the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven and Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site.
Among them, the Forbidden City in Beijing is the largest and most well-preserved palace complex in the world.
4. In order to enhance international competitiveness and service functions, on the one hand, Beijing has intensified infrastructure construction, and planned and built key functional areas including the Central Business District and the International Media Avenue, as well as urban rapid rail transit and expressways; On the other hand, actively develop high-tech industries, improve urban management efficiency and service quality, and build an urban environment where people and the environment coexist harmoniously.
5. Hong Kong consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, New Territories and more than 200 surrounding islands, while Macao consists of Macao Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island. Hong Kong and Macao are among the regions with the highest population density in the world.
6. Hongkong and Macau are two special administrative regions of China. Our government has formulated the policy of "one country, two systems", and China's mainland implements the socialist system, while Hong Kong and Macao implement the capitalist system.
7. Hong Kong has a large population but a small population. "Going to heaven"-building tall buildings and "going to sea"-reclaiming land from the sea have become two important ways for Hong Kong to expand its urban construction land.
8. The tertiary industry in Hong Kong and Macao is very developed. Hong Kong is an international trade center, transportation center, financial center, information service center and tourism center. Gambling tourism is an important pillar industry of Macao's economic development.
9. For a long time, Hong Kong and Macau have maintained close economic ties with the mainland of China, especially Hong Kong. Mainland China is rich in natural and labor resources, and Hong Kong is rich in capital, technology, talents and management experience. The economic cooperation between Hong Kong and the mainland of China is complementary and mutually beneficial.
10, entrepot trade refers to the form of trade in which goods purchased from one country are sold directly to other countries instead of being sold locally. Mainland China is Hong Kong's largest entrepot trading partner.
1 1. Taiwan Province Province includes Taiwan Province Island, and many small islands such as Penghu Islands and Diaoyu Islands nearby. Taiwan Province Island is the largest island in China, bordering the East China Sea in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the South China Sea in the south and Fujian Province across the Taiwan Province Strait in the west.
12, Taiwan Province Island is a rich treasure island, known as "the pearl of the southeast sea of the motherland". About half of the land on the island is covered with dense forests and has the reputation of "Asian Natural Botanical Garden". Cinnamomum camphora is the most famous tree species in Taiwan Province Province, and its camphor production ranks first in the world.
13. Before the 1960s, the economy of Taiwan Province Province was dominated by agriculture and agricultural products, exporting cane sugar, pineapple, rice and camphor. Since 1960s, Taiwan Province Province has focused on developing export processing industry, forming an "import-processing-export" economy.
14, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the largest province in China. The mountains and basins in Xinjiang are distributed alternately, forming the topographical features of "three mountains and two basins". The majestic Tianshan Mountains span the central part of Xinjiang, with Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin on the north and south sides respectively.
15. There are thousands of oases in Xinjiang, which is the most important agricultural production base. Wheat, corn and sorghum are the main crops here, and cotton, sugar beet and various melons and fruits have become the characteristic agricultural products of Xinjiang Oasis. Karez is an ancient water diversion project, which has been used by oasis residents in Xinjiang for a long time.
16, the predicted oil and gas reserves in Xinjiang account for about 1/3 of the total land reserves in China. With the gradual implementation of the national energy strategic decision of "stabilizing the east and vigorously developing the west", Xinjiang is expected to become an important oil and gas industrial base in China. The implementation of the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project will rapidly increase the local fiscal revenue and alleviate the energy shortage in the eastern region.
Chapter 7:
1. The Pearl River Delta is located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, with convenient land and water transportation, and is known as the "South Gate" of China.
The Pearl River Delta region has formed a multi-level open system including special economic zones (Shenzhen and Zhuhai), coastal open cities (Guangzhou) and economic open areas (the whole Pearl River Delta).
2. Taking advantage of the superior conditions here, the Pearl River Delta has attracted a lot of overseas Chinese investment (the main source of foreign investment in the Pearl River Delta is Hong Kong and Macao) and has become the frontier of China's opening up.
3. Since 1980s, the Pearl River Delta has taken advantage of its superior geographical position adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, accepted the industrial diffusion of Hong Kong and Macao nearby, introduced a large number of foreign capital, introduced advanced technology and equipment, management methods and the latest industrial and commercial science and technology information, established a large number of processing and manufacturing enterprises, and developed an export-oriented economy.
The products produced in the Pearl River Delta are mainly exported to Southeast Asia, Europe, Africa, America, Oceania and other regions through Hong Kong and Macao trade channels, earning a lot of foreign exchange. By the end of the 20th century, it has become one of the largest production and export bases of electronic and daily consumer goods in the world.
5. The cooperation between Hong Kong, Macao and the Pearl River Delta region is based on "store in front and factory in back". Hong Kong uses the overseas trade window to conduct marketing and external sales, and plays the role of "shop". The Pearl River Delta region takes advantage of land, natural resources and labor force to process, manufacture and assemble products, and plays the role of "factory".
6. The development of processing and manufacturing industry in the Pearl River Delta has promoted the development of service industries such as catering, entertainment and transportation. These non-agricultural industries provide a large number of employment opportunities for local surplus labor and also absorb millions of foreign labor.
7. With the development of non-agricultural industries and the migration of population, more and more agricultural land in the Pearl River Delta has been transformed into industrial, transportation and urban construction land. These non-agricultural land is adjacent to the remaining agricultural land, forming a unique land use landscape with staggered distribution of residential land, industrial land, infrastructure land and agricultural land.
8. Xishuangbanna is the most intact place in China's pristine tropical rain forest except Hainan Province. The towering trees, huge packing, cruel strangled plants and majestic "single tree into forest" are all unique landscapes of the rainforest.
There are thousands of animals living in Xishuangbanna, including Asian elephants, green peacocks and other national key protected animals. People vividly call it "the kingdom of tropical animals".
10, Xishuangbanna is still a place where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities, and the multi-ethnic customs with Dai as the main body have added infinite charm to Xishuangbanna.
1 1. For a long time, Xishuangbanna has been dominated by agricultural production. Since the mid-1980s, with the encouragement of the relevant policies of the state and Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, with its unique location and resource advantages, has made tourism rise rapidly and become an important pillar industry.
Chapter 8:
1. The largest loess accumulation area in the world is the Loess Plateau, which is one of the areas with the most serious soil erosion in the world.
2. Soil erosion takes away the fertile soil on the surface and reduces the crop yield; Increase, expand and deepen the valley, thus reducing the cultivated land area; It also transported a lot of sediment to the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which caused great difficulties in river regulation and flood control.
3. The loess plateau has a broken terrain and a relatively dry climate, which not only causes serious soil erosion, but also causes frequent natural disasters. Drought and flood disasters are the most important natural disasters in the Loess Plateau, so the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau is very fragile.
4. In order to realize the sustainable development of social economy in the Loess Plateau, we must strengthen ecological construction and improve the environment. On the one hand, biological measures such as planting trees and grass should be combined with engineering measures such as terraced fields and earth dams to control soil erosion; On the other hand, reasonable arrangements should be made for production activities, such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands on steep slopes, and reducing the number of grazing livestock in overgrazing areas.
5. The area along the Yangtze River is a typical "banded" area, which is not only superior in geographical position, but also endowed with unique natural conditions, laying a solid foundation for the development of this area and being the center of national economic development.
6. The Yangtze River along the Yangtze River connects the economically developed coastal areas with the resource-rich western areas, forming an English letter "H" pattern, which is the link between the east and the west.
7. The area along the Yangtze River is an important agricultural area in China with a solid industrial base. At present, it has developed into one of the most dynamic high-tech industrial development zones in China. Through many north-south tributaries and traffic arteries, these economic and technological advantages can radiate north and south, and make China's north-south economy integrate.
8. There are many cities along the Yangtze River, with dense towns in the middle and lower reaches and few cities in the upper reaches. Among them, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing are regional economic, cultural and transportation centers, which have a strong radiation and driving role in regional economic development. On the basis of these four megacities, four urban agglomerations centered on them have been formed respectively.
9. The Yangtze River is a highly developed comprehensive industrial zone in China. At present, four industrial bases have been formed from east to west. There are industrial bases such as steel, petrochemicals, automobiles and textiles along the Yangtze River, which constitute the embryonic form of China's east-west "industrial corridor".
10. During the development along the Yangtze River, a series of ecological and environmental problems have emerged, such as soil erosion, flood disaster (the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most concentrated, serious and frequent areas of flood disaster in the Yangtze River basin), water pollution, acid rain and so on.
1 1. Acid rain will lead to acidification of water and soil, causing corrosion hazards to plants and buildings. The acid rain area in Central China is the largest acid rain pollution area with the highest central intensity in China, and the acid rain area in Southwest China is the second most serious acid rain area. The pollution intensity in East China is lower than that in Central China and Southwest China.
Chapter 9:
1, with vast territory and great regional differences, is a basic national condition of our country. To achieve sustainable development, a region needs to develop its economy according to local conditions and strengthen the ties between regions.
2. A large population and a low per capita GNP is another basic national condition of our country. The world in the 21st century is a world of economic globalization. China should actively integrate into the process of economic globalization and seek development in the world.