Management: Four Unbelievable Stories of Guan Zhong in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties

Confucius said, "Guan Zhong is a public servant, a tyrant and a conqueror of the world, and the people have been blessed so far. Wei Guanzhong, I will stay. " If Qi Huangong is the first bully in the Spring and Autumn Period, then Guan Zhong is the first phase in the Spring and Autumn Period. It can be seen that Guan Zhong was indeed a key figure in the history of the Spring and Autumn Period, and because of this, Guan Zhong became what Hu Shi called an "arrow pile figure". Scholars in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties often put some legends in line with their own views on historical celebrities when expressing their political opinions. As a result, these historical figures are attached to more and more stories like arrows. There are many historical figures like Guan Zhong, such as Fuxi, Huangdi and Dayu among the ancient emperors, and Yi Yin, Duke Zhou and Lu Shang in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. As the first minister in the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong is also the object that everyone is willing to praise. During the Warring States Period, the State of Qi owned Jixia Academy, the cultural center of the world at that time. Scholars in Jixia Xuegong even wrote Guanzi, which was beneficial until the Western Han Dynasty. It can be said that this is a collective work that drags the bones into restructuring. Many of these stories are wonderful and familiar to future generations; It also involves some political, legal and military historical materials, which are widely used by scholars to study the history of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period. Besides Guanzi, there are many historical books about Guan Zhong. Among them, Guoyu Qiyu, Historical Records and Biography of Yan Guan and the new Qinghua bamboo slips Guanzhong are relatively systematic. In addition, Zuo Zhuan, The Analects of Confucius, The Warring States Policy, Han Feizi, Shuoyuan and Hanshu also recorded some words and deeds of Guan Zhong in bits and pieces. Among them, it is recognized that Zuo Zhuan is the most reliable and informative book to record the history of the Spring and Autumn Period, while other historical books have some elements of ancient restructuring when recording the history of the Spring and Autumn Period. Therefore, it is necessary to inspect Guan Zhong's history, carefully analyze the historical materials of the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, and pay special attention to those familiar stories. First, Guan Zhong was not born in poverty-historical records are not credible. In Biography of Historical Records of Yan Guan, Guan Zhong described his early experiences: "When I was in trouble, I tasted Bao Shujia and shared my wealth with myself. Bao Shu doesn't think I'm greedy and knows I'm poor. I tried to find a job for Uncle Bao, and I was poorer. Uncle Bao doesn't think I'm stupid, but he knows when it's good or bad. I have tasted three officials and three people, and I am driven by you. Uncle Bao doesn't think I'm evil, but he knows I'm not in trouble. I have tasted three wars and three walks. Uncle Bao is not afraid of me and knows that I have an old mother. " Guan Zhong is a clever man. He used to do business with Bao. He gives himself more money every time. Expelled by the monarch many times, fled many times. It can be said that the experience is very rough. The Warring States Policy says, "Guan Zhong is a good man, but the disadvantage of Nanyang is silence". Guan Zhong is a businessman who lives outside the city and is very poor in Nanyang. Guan Zi Xiao Kuang Guan Zhong claimed that "everything tastes like a person", and he also made Bi Marvin. In Shuo Wen Fu Yuan En, Guan Zhong said, "I once sold myself with Bao Zi in Nanyang and was humiliated by the city. The steamed stuffed bun is not afraid of me, he clearly knows my desire. " In other words, he was humiliated many times in business. It is said in "Talking about the Respect of the Courtyard" that "Guan Zhong became Yin's dog and the thief of the world". It turned out that he also stole a dog. "Talking about Yuanshan" said: "In the past, Guan Zi said Xianggong, but Xianggong didn't say anything." Originally, the pipe also swam to Qi Xianggong. To sum up, the above historical data about Guan Zhong's birth is nothing more than saying that he was born in poverty and everything went wrong. In fact, these records easily remind us of a person, that is, the predecessor of Lu Shang, Guan Zhong and Qi State. The same is the "Warring States Policy, Qin Ce", which says that Lu Shang is "the enemy of Qi chasing after her husband, abolishing Tu Song, chasing after her son, and stabbing Tianjin"; In Shuo Yuan Zun Xian, it is also said that "an old woman is a husband, but she worships songs, and she gives others up to welcome guests". Lu Shang was driven out of the house by a shrew, selling meat at a loss in Chao Ge, deposed by Liang Shi, and no one wanted a prostitute in Pingjin, which is similar to Guan Zhong's birth! However, we should also note that the counselor who said these words in Qin Ce was originally "the son of the state, the thief of Liang, and Zhao Zhichen". He said these allusions were only to persuade Qin to appoint himself. In fact, Yao Jia is not telling history, but explaining the truth. Especially in the era of the disintegration of aristocratic politics in the Warring States, in order to get the attention of kings, the lower class tourists deliberately shaped some historical celebrities into humble origins, so Shang Xian Thought was very popular among philosophers. But these historical materials they tell will at least not be accepted by everyone. For example, Mencius said that Lu Shang was "the oldest person in the world" and Guan Zhong was a "humble scholar", so Lu Shang was originally a prestigious elder, and Guan Zhong was also selected from the bottom nobility, not a poor and unlucky peddler. In addition to some contradictions with other records, the biggest unfairness of this kind of historical materials lies in the fact that the social form in the Spring and Autumn Period is consistent with that in the Warring States Period, which is precisely a period of great change. Simply put, the social subject before the Spring and Autumn Period was the clan. After the Warring States Period, due to the popularity of the iron plow and Niu Geng, individual families became the main body of society. As long as we grasp this clue, we can notice that many figures before the Warring States lacked credibility in their descriptions of poor and humble origins. At that time, individuals and clans were a whole, and even the bottom families in clans still owned common land. Guan Zhongdang was born in the Guan family of Qi State. Qi Huangong's brother Qi Xianggong was killed by the doctor and Guan Ju's father, which proves that Guan Ju existed in Qi before Guan Zhong. Historical Records quoted Shi Ben as saying that "Zhuang Zhongshan was a respected loyal minister". Guan Zhong's father's surname was Quan (Zhuang), the word Quan (Zhong) and the name Quan (Shan), and he was obviously an aristocrat of Guan Zhong. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the system of "a world official is a world leader", that is, on the one hand, clan leaders rule their own clans, on the other hand, ministers are subordinate to Qi Jun, forming a model of "compound monarchy". Then Guan Zhong himself is a member of the Guan clan of Qi State, and because of his knowledge and ability, he can be the master of Gong Zijiu. Second, Hengshan's plan originated from the theory of severe punishment in Han dynasty-the tube is not credible. There is an article about sternness in Guanzi, which tells that Guan Zhong defeated other governors by economic means and helped Qi to dominate. Many articles are based on the content of light and heavy articles, praising how clever Guan Zhong's political means are. So what is the story of Guanzi Qingpian? At the beginning of light and heavy, Guan Zhong introduced "the way of light and heavy" to Qi Huangong. The so-called light and heavy way is to weaken the big princes and support the small princes to revive the king. So he asked Guan how to deal with Lu Zhishen and Liang. Guan Zi's suggestion is that the people in Shandong and Liang take weaving as their profession, and Huan Gong can take the lead in dressing with officials, so that the people will follow suit. Moreover, it is also ordered that neat weaving is not allowed and must be imported from Shandong and Liang. In this way, Shandong and Liang saw that it was profitable and went back to weaving, and agriculture was abandoned. Huan Gong adopted Guan Zhong's strategy and suddenly cut off trade with the two countries after thirteen months. In another ten months, the people of the two countries will continue to be hungry, but it is impossible to grow food soon. In this way, the price of grain per stone in Shandong and Liang countries is several thousand, while that in Qi countries is only a dozen dollars. So the people of Lu and Liang gradually defected to Qi, and after two years, their population decreased by six tenths. In another three years, the kings of the two countries can only submit to Qi. After defeating Lu and Liang, Guan Zhong did the same thing again, exchanging copper coins for firewood in Lai and Ju, and then conquering Lai and Ju. Later, gold was used to buy deer from the State of Chu, and all the kings of Chu joined Qi Huangong. What's more, Guan Zhong later ordered the white fox skin of Daiguo at a high price to catch foxes on behalf of Chinese people. As a result, he was attacked by a branch company, and Dai Wang had to take refuge in Qi, but this time he didn't even spend a penny. Finally, it is to deal with Hengshan. This time, Guan Zhong sent someone to buy Hengshan's weapons at a high price, just to raise the price. 10 months later, Yan and Dai discovered business opportunities and followed suit. Three months later, Qin followed suit. The monarch of Hengshan saw that the world was looting, and directly ordered the price increase to be twenty times! As a result, people have forged weapons. At this time, people were sent to buy food from Zhao at a high price, so countries shipped the food to Qi for sale. When Hengshan's weapons were sold out, Qi broke off contact with him again. At this time, Lu invaded the southern foothills of Hengshan Mountain and Qi invaded the northern foothills. Hengshan army was unable to resist and had to surrender. The above is the general content of the light and heavy articles on pipes. The omission is very obvious, that is, the vassal States involved. It seems reasonable that Lu (now Qufu, Shandong), Lai (now Laiwu, Shandong) and Ju (now Juxian, Shandong) are adjacent to Qi (now Linzi, Shandong). Although Qin (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi), Chu (now Yicheng, Hubei) and Yan (now Fangshan, Beijing) are far away, they are at least Qing countries. Dai and Zhao Mingxian were only countries in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The most untrustworthy is Hengshan State (now Lu 'an, Anhui Province), which was initiated by Xiang Yu at the end of Qin Dynasty, with Wu Rui as Hengshan County, and Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi of the Western Han Dynasty were established one after another. The ancients have long paid attention to the unfaithfulness of light and heavy articles. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Yinglin's textual research on the History of Han Literature and Arts quoted Fu Zi in the History of the Three Kingdoms, Fu Xuan, saying that more than half of Guan Zi's books were added by later busybodies, and the' light and heavy' articles were particularly vulgar. Liu Shu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, quoted Fu Zi as saying in his Collection of Foreign Affairs: "More than half of Guan Zhong's books were added by busybodies after his death. Its' light and heavy' articles are particularly vulgar. Modern scholar Wang Guowei first put forward light and heavy articles in the Wenjing period of Han Dynasty. Ma's New Interpretation of Guan Zi's Light and Heavy Articles is the most thorough study of light and heavy articles, pointing out that many problems are unique to the Western Han Dynasty to the times. In addition, in the pictures described in the light and heavy articles, the state power can directly extend to individuals, which is also inconsistent with the clan society in the early Spring and Autumn Period. Such a large-scale trade war, if it really exists, is not recorded at all in Zuo Zhuan, and it is also unreasonable. So the real situation is that Light and Heavy Pieces is an ancient masterpiece after Scenery of Chuankou, and the creator obviously just wants to explain his economic thoughts, and he doesn't care much or even know much about historical facts, so he fabricated the trade war between Qi State in the Spring and Autumn Period and Zhao State in the Warring States Period and Hengshan State in the Western Han Dynasty. Third, conquering Rong to save Southern Yan-"Everything goes wrong" is not credible. Qi Huangong's conquering Rong to save Yan is also a classic story, leaving a famous idiom-an old horse knows the way. According to Everything is Done in the Forest by Han Feizi: "Guan Zhong and Peng Ji cut solitary bamboo from Huan Gong, and spring turned to winter, so they got lost. Guan Zhong said: The wisdom of an old horse can also be used. Is to let the old horse go and get the way. There is no water in the mountain, and my friend said: ants live in the sunshine of the mountain in winter and in the shade of the mountain in summer, and there is water in the ant soil. It is digging for water. It is not difficult to learn from old horses and ants, but it is not difficult for people to learn from the wisdom of saints with a foolish heart. "Qi Huangong crusade against solitary bamboo, got lost when I came back. Thanks to Guan Zhong, he was able to return with the help of an old horse. After that, he couldn't find water, thanks to Peng Ji's use of ants. Many historical materials also involve this well-known war. " "Historical Records of Yan Zhaogong Family" said: "In the twenty-seven years, kindness invaded me and saved Yan, so I went north to attack kindness and return. Yan Jun sent Qi Huangong out of the country, and Huan Gong cut down the place where Yan Guo went and gave it to Yan Guo to pay tribute to the son of heaven, as if he were a duke of Zhou. The method of returning to Yan ",and" Guoyu Qiyu "said that" the Northern Expedition went to Shanrong, and the branches were chopped and the solitary bamboo returned to the south ". In order to save the face of the northern expedition to Shanrong, Ganoderma lucidum and solitary bamboo were being beaten all the time. This incident is also recorded in the Spring and Autumn Zuozhuan. " The Spring and Autumn Classic "Thirty Years of Zhuanggong": "Qi people attacked Shanrong. "Thirty Years of Zuo Zhuan and Zhuang Gong": "In winter, I met the land machine and made a mountain. It's also because of its illness. Thirty-one years of Zuo Zhuan Zhuang Gong: Thirty-one years, in summer and June, Qi Gong came to offer it, which was indecent. " Guan Zhong of Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Jiu Nian said: "Qi Huangong was diligent and far-reaching, so he explored Shanrong in the north, Chu in the south, and the western expedition ended here. "On the whole, Duke Zhuang of Lu met with Duke Zhuang of Lu in the winter of 30 years (664 BC) to discuss how to save Yan, but later only Qi people went alone and succeeded in the summer of the following year. There is no doubt about the authenticity of Qi Huangong's attack on Shanrong. However, we should also pay attention to a problem, that is, in Zuo Zhuan, Qi Huangong's felling of mountain glory is from the winter solstice to the summer, while in Han Feizi, the felling of solitary bamboo becomes spring to winter. Attacking mountains, commanding branches and solitary bamboo are the same thing, and they are often reflected in the literature. This shows that Han Feizi and Zuo Zhuan are contradictory, so the allusion of "an old horse knows the way" is also suspicious, and then the whole record of Han Feizi is also suspicious. In addition, we noticed that Zuo Zhuan recorded the story of Qi Huangong's conquest of Shanrong in a very simple and ordinary way, without even mentioning the names of Ganoderma lucidum and Solitary Bamboo. Isolated bamboo, handed down literature and archaeological findings can confirm that there is no dispute in the border areas of Hebei, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia. Ganoderma lucidum and handed down literature records are all near ancient bamboo. "Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu" said that Shan Rong was in the north of Yan State. Then, it is logical for Shanrong, Solitary Bamboo and Ganoderma lucidum to invade Yan State in southwest Beijing today. Therefore, although there are many embellishments in the records of Han Feizi, scholars have rarely questioned the records of Yan Zhaogong Family since ancient times. It is generally believed that the Yan State saved by Qi Huangong is the ancestor of the Yan Zhaogong family and the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. However, Mr. Lv Simian said in "A General History of China": "This swallow should be Southern Yan, in present-day fengqiu county, Henan. "Historical Records" said that it was Beiyan in the Warring States Period. In today's Jixian County, Hebei Province, I'm afraid it's wrong, because in the Spring and Autumn Period, only Yan was called Southern Yan. "When I first came into contact with this theory, I felt that Lu Lao's brain was wide open and I just laughed it off. But later, after I became familiar with the text of Zuo Zhuan, I felt that Lu Lao's theory was really brilliant. Although Lu Lao is the only one who holds this idea at present, it probably reflects the real historical situation. The southern Yan State was far less famous in later generations than the northern Yan State, but it was really active in the early Spring and Autumn Period. Southern Yan, located in the northeast of Yanjin, is the surname country after the Yellow Emperor. Because it is located in the war-torn Central Plains, it frequently appears in Zuo Zhuan. According to Zuo Zhuan, in 7 18 BC, Wei ordered Yan to attack Zheng and was defeated. In 699 BC, Ji, Lu, Qi, Song, Wei and Yan were united. In 694 BC, Prince Zhou's plot to usurp the throne failed and he defected to the State of Yan. In 675 BC, Wei Guo and Yan expelled Zhou; The following year, Zheng Ligong imprisoned Yan Guanzhong in the absence of mediation. The above Yan State is obviously Southern Yan, not Beiyan. There is no basis for expelling the emperor into the Yan Zhaogong family in Historical Records. Then saved Yan in 664 BC. If we abandon our preconceived ideas about Beiyan, we can see from Zuo Zhuan that this Yan is Southern Yan, not Beiyan. Although some people questioned Shanrong's Northern Expedition, it was not clear from Zuo Zhuan that Shanrong lived in Yanshan area. Shuye Tong's History of Spring and Autumn Period pointed out that Shanrong lived near Taihang Mountain in the Spring and Autumn Period. Taihang Mountain is closer to the Central Plains than Yanshan Mountain. There seems to be nothing wrong with the name "Shan Rong". Going north from Southern Yan to Taihang Mountain can also be called "Northern Expedition". After that, "Yan" disappeared in Zuo Zhuan for more than 100 years, and it was not until 553 BC that his followers ran to "Yan". This "Yan" is not like Southern Yan, but more like Beiyan. Later, it was generally clearly pointed out that the "Northern Yan" was involved, and the historical facts were basically related to Qi State: for example, Lu Puzhen of Qi State was exiled to Beiyan in 539 BC, and Beiyan Bamboo Slips went to Qi State; In 536 BC, Qi Jinggong attacked Beiyan; In 530 BC, the State of Qi placed the tribute from the north in the Tang Dynasty; In 479 BC, Wu Pi of Gao Qi went to Beiyan. Only in 500 BC, how did the defending country go to "Yan"? This "Yan" is also like Beiyan, and Southern Yan probably died out long ago. Generally speaking, before 664 BC, the word "Yan" in Zuo Zhuan was Southern Yan, and after 553 BC, "Yan" and "Northern Yan" were all Northern Yan. By the Warring States period, Southern Yan and Shanrong had already been destroyed, so the legend of Qi Huangong's rescue of Southern Yan was transplanted to Beiyan, and Shanrong was also known as Yanshan Rong farther away. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, there were "Beirong" and "Chang Di" in the north of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, but by the Warring States period, the Central Plains were all the territory of China. Another omission in The Yan Zhaogong Family is that in order to reward Qi Huangong, Yan Zhuanggong unwittingly sent Qi Huangong out of the country. In order to help maintain etiquette, Qi Huangong ceded the territory of Qi to Yan. In fact, there was no concept of national boundaries in the early Spring and Autumn Period, and there were vast outlands (wild areas) between countries. By the time Qi Yan's territory became one piece, it was already the Warring States period. The most obvious manifestation of the low credibility of Yan Zhaogong's family historical materials is that even the families in China during the Warring States period made serious mistakes, such as being called Prince Ping and Prince Yan. However, judging from the Zhao family and the unearthed Song of Wang Fengzhi, Prince Ping died in the rebellion of his children and became the prince of Yan, which was founded by King Wuling of Zhao. It is better for the Zhao family to write its own history. Zibo Guanzhong Memorial Hall. The "Four People's Branches" did not conform to the social form of the Spring and Autumn Period-the historical materials recorded in Guoyu could not be trusted. Of course, the most objective is the bronze inscriptions in the Spring and Autumn Period, but the information is too little and too fragmentary. Therefore, we still have to rely on handed down literature, among which the most objective and informative is the chronological Zuo Zhuan. Secondly, Guoyu, a national book, recorded historical facts from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, many of which were highly credible, and even called Chunqiu Biography in ancient times. However, in Guoyu, only one volume of Qiyu, which records Qi Huangong's hegemony, is similar to Guanzi Jiaokuangpian, and its text is rarely quoted in historical books. Mr. Gu Jiegang believes that "future generations can see the records of people in the Collation, which is enough to make up for the deficiency of Guoyu". Guan Zi Xiao Kuang and Guo Yu Qi Yu come first, which is a very important issue. Because Guanzi, as a work of the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, is untrue to the history of the Spring and Autumn Period, as mentioned above. If "Adventure" plagiarizes "Pipe", the reliability will certainly be lower. Mr. Gu Jiegang has pointed out this problem, but in the Lecture Notes on the History of the Spring and Autumn Period, which he co-authored with Mr. Shuye Tong, he used the records of Guoyu to discuss Guan Zhong's policy of governing Qi. Later, Shuye Tong revised the book into a history of Chunqiu, adding a sentence: "Although the records in Guoyu and other books are not credible, some shadows of the truth at that time must be preserved." It can be seen that Mr. Shuye Tong also has doubts about this, but after all, there are too few historical materials about Guan Zhong's rule of the country in Zuo Zhuan, so Chyi Yu's content has to be described. But how credible are these contents? According to Chyi Yu, Guan Zhong was pursuing a policy of military and political integration. Thirty suburbs are one city, ten cities are one soldier, ten soldiers are one township, three townships are one county, and ten counties are one genus. There are five genera in China, led by five doctors respectively. Five junior high schools are one track, ten tracks are one mile, four miles are one company, ten companies are one township, and five townships are one army. The whole country is divided into three armies, led by Huan Gong, Shang Qing and Gao Shi. Such a neat administrative division obviously does not exist. At the same time, it is mentioned in the history of the Spring and Autumn Annals that in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Annals, Qi Gongling gave Yi Shu the 300 counties that were easily established, and now there are 300 counties in a city, which shows that Qixian County is a very small social organization. The Analects of Confucius also mentioned that Guan Zhong captured 300 Bo City, and this "300" should also be a county. Then Chyi Yu's statement is broken. As mentioned above, there was no single family separated from the clan at that time, so this political theory could only appear after the Warring States period, and administrative divisions such as cutting cakes could not be really implemented in successive dynasties. This division is recorded in Guanzi's Li Zheng Riding, Measuring Land and Small Quantities, which is similar to the content in Zhangzi Han Bamboo Slips, Bitter Method and Field Method. Mr. Zang Zhifei believes that all the above are the actions of princes under Miracle, and the chapters are in different order, mostly for the Warring States period. The difference in the local administrative descriptions mentioned above shows that there was no stable and unified local administrative system at least in the Spring and Autumn Period, so there were different opinions, all in the name of Guan Zhong. " It can be said that it reveals the origin of Qi Wu Yu, and its credibility is not comparable to that of Guan Zi. According to Chyi Yu, Guanzhong can be divided in this way, based on the "separation of the four people", that is, scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce live separately and perform their duties. The capital is divided into 21 townships, including 15 townships and 6 industrial and commercial townships, and farmers live in the suburbs. This is of course unreasonable. In the clan society, as the bottom members of a social community, how can scholars and farmers live completely separately? The "national style" in the Book of Songs mostly praises war and farming, and the "national style" is mainly a work in the Spring and Autumn Period, which shows that the warriors at that time were not divorced from production, and the integration of soldiers and farmers was a remarkable feature of the military system in the Spring and Autumn Period. Nowadays, the name of "businessman" is mostly considered to come from the fact that businessmen have migrated many times and are good at doing business, but this statement does not have much basis. The word "Shang" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is just a place name and has no commercial significance. A more reliable source is that many businessmen were oppressed in the Zhou Dynasty and engaged in cheap industries such as industry and commerce in the Zhou Dynasty, so they were called "businessmen". There was no private economy at that time. They all serve the Zhou government and have to meet their own survival in advance, so they can't be completely divorced from agricultural activities. Therefore, it was impossible to have a life form of separation of scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce at that time. In a word, most of the records about Guan Zhong in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties came from the reflection of social thoughts at that time, but it is easy to make big mistakes when used in the history of Spring and Autumn Annals, and historical readers must pay attention to it. References: Gu Jiegang's lecture notes and Liu's notes: A Comprehensive Review of Three Biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period and Mandarin, Chengdu: Bashu Bookstore, 1988. Lv Simian. General history of China. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2009. Shuye Tong. History of spring and autumn. Shanghai: Zhonghua Book Company, 2006. Zhanhuajun: A Character of Qi State, Jinan: Qilu Bookstore, 2004. Zhao Shichao. Research on the State-owned Land System in Zhou Dynasty. Xi 'an: Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 199 1 year. Wang Dong: Textual Research on the Writing Time of Guan Zi Liang Pian, Journal of Zhengzhou University (Social Science Edition), No.4, 20 10. Zang: A Textual Research on the Administrative System of Qi State —— Also on the Relevant Issues of Mandarin Chyi Yu Literature, History and Philosophy No.4 1995.